Anatomy and Physiology - The Lymphatic System - Quick Guides | Anatomy and Physiology

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Study GuideAnatomy and Physiology–The Lymphatic System1.Lymphatic VesselsLymphatic vessels are a network of tubes that collect extra fluid from tissues and return it back to thebloodstream.These vessels are found throughout most of the body and usually run:•alongsidearteries(especially in the viscera)•alongsideveins(especially in the subcutaneous tissue)Where Lymphatic Vessels Are NOT FoundLymphatic vessels areabsentfrom:•central nervous system (CNS)•bone marrow•teeth•avascular tissues(tissues without blood vessels)Lymph Capillaries (Smallest Lymphatic Vessels)The smallest lymphatic vessels are called:•lymph capillariesThey begin as:•dead-end vessels(meaning they start in tissues and don’t form a loop like blood capillaries)They look similar to blood capillaries, but they aremuch more porous, which makes them better atabsorbing fluid from the tissues.

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Study GuideWhy Lymph Capillaries Are More Porous (2 Key Features)Lymph capillaries allow fluids to enter easily because of two important structures:1. Valve-like Openings Between Endothelial CellsThe endothelial cells in lymph capillaries:loosely overlap (instead of being tightly joined like blood capillaries)So when fluid pressure outside increases:the overlapping cells separatefluid enters the lymph capillaryWhen pressure inside becomes higher than outside:the openings closefluid stays inside the lymph capillaryThis works like aone-way entry doorfor tissue fluid.2. Anchoring FilamentsLymph capillaries also have:anchoring filamentsThese attach the endothelial cells to nearby collagen.When interstitial fluid pressure increases, these filaments:•prevent the capillary walls from collapsing•keep the openings between endothelial cells openSo lymph can keep flowing into the vessel.Lacteals (Special Lymph Capillaries)Lactealsare specialized lymph capillaries found in the:

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Study Guidevilli(fingerlikeprojections inside the small intestine)Their major job is:absorbinglipids (fats)from the intestinal tractThe lymph inside lacteals is called:chyleChyle lookscreamy whiteinstead of clear because it contains a lot of fats.Lymphatic Collecting VesselsAs lymph capillaries join together, they form:lymphatic-collecting vesselsThese vessels have some features similar to veins:1. ValvesThey contain valves that:prevent backward flow of lymph(just like valves in veins prevent backflow of blood)2. Three Tunics (Like Veins)Their walls contain the samethree tunicsfound in veins, but:•the layers are thinner•the layers are poorly definedLymphatic TrunksCollecting vessels eventually unite to form larger vessels called:•lymphatic trunksThere arenine major trunks, and they drain lymph from the regions they are named after.These include:

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Study GuidePaired trunks (left and right)•lumbar trunks•jugular trunks•subclavian trunks•bronchomediastinal trunksOne single trunk•intestinal trunkLymphatic Ducts (Largest Lymphatic Vessels)Lymphatic ducts are thelargest lymphatic vessels.There are:two lymphatic ductsThey drain lymph into veins in the neck—specifically into:theright and left subclavian veinsat their junctions with the:internal jugular veinsAt these junctions, there are valves that:prevent blood from entering the lymphatic vesselsThe Thoracic DuctThethoracic ductis the larger duct.It collects lymph from:•theleft side of the bodyand also from parts of theright side below the thorax•Finally, it drains into:theleft subclavian vein

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Study GuideWhere does the thoracic duct begin?It begins at an enlarged structure called:cisterna chyliThe cisterna chyli forms after the joining of:•theintestinal trunk•theright lumbar trunk•theleft lumbar trunkThe Right Lymphatic Duct (Right Thoracic Duct)Theright lymphatic duct(also called the right thoracic duct in your text) drains a much smallerregion.It collects lymph from:theupper right side of the body, including:•right arm•right regions of thorax•right side of neck•right side of headIt drains into:theright subclavian vein

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Study GuideFigure1.Lymphatic trunks and ducts.Figure 1 shows the major lymphatic trunks and ducts, especially:•thoracic duct•right lymphatic ductwhere lymph enters the venous system near the subclavian veins2.Quiz: Lymphatic Vessels1. QuestionAll the lymph that is collected returns to venous circulation by entering into the __________.Answer Choices• villi• lacteals• right and left subclavian veins

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Study GuideCorrect Answerright and left subclavian veinsWhy This Is CorrectLymph is returned to the bloodstream through theright lymphatic ductandthoracic duct, whichempty into theright and left subclavian veins.This is how lymph fluid re-entersvenous circulation.3.Lymphoid CellsLymphatic (lymphoid) tissueis a special type ofconnective tissue.Its main job is to support the body’simmune systemby containing important immune cells.Lymphoid tissue is made up of several key types of cells.1. LymphocytesLymphocytesare a type ofwhite blood cell (leukocyte).Their main role is to create animmune responsethat attacks:•specific nonself cells•foreign substances calledantigensThere are two major classes of lymphocytes:A. T Cells (T Lymphocytes)T cellsoriginate in the bone marrowbut theymature in the thymus glandT cells protect the body by attacking:

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Study Guide•self cellsinvaded by pathogens•abnormal self cells(such as cancer cells)•nonself cells(like those from an organ transplant)So T cells are especially important for destroying “bad” body cells.B. B Cells (B Lymphocytes)B cellsoriginate and mature in the bone marrowWhen B cells encounter anantigen(such as a toxin, virus, or bacterium), they form:•plasma cells•memory cellsPlasma CellsPlasma cells release:antibodiesThese antibodies bind to the antigen and:inactivate itMemory CellsMemory cells continue to circulate in:lymph and bloodThey help the immune system respond faster in the future because they have the ability to produceadditional antibodies during later encounters with the same antigen.2. MacrophagesMacrophagesare large immune cells formed from:enlarged monocytes (white blood cells)Their job is to:•engulf (phagocytose) microbes•remove cellular debrisThey act like the “clean-up crew” of the immune system.

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Study Guide3. Reticular Cells and Reticular FibersReticular cellsand theirreticular fibersprovide a supportive framework in lymphoid tissue.These fibers are made of:•collagen•glycoproteinsTogether, they form a network where:lymphocytes and other immune cells can live and work properly4.Quiz: Lymphoid Cells1. QuestionWhich cells produce antibodies in response to a foreign antigen?Answer Choices• T cells• B cells• lymphocytesCorrect AnswerB cellsWhy This Is CorrectB cellscan becomeplasma cells, which produceantibodiesto fight specific antigens.2. QuestionWhich cells originate and mature in the bone marrow?

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