Anatomy and Physiology - The Skeletal System - Quick Guides | Anatomy and Physiology

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Study GuideAnatomy and Physiology–The Skeletal System1.Quiz: Skull: Cranium and Facial Bones1. QuestionWhich of the following facial bones is NOT a paired bone?Answer Choices• mandible• maxilla• nasalCorrect AnswermandibleWhy This Is CorrectThemandible(lower jawbone) is asingle bone, so it isnot paired.Themaxillaandnasal bonesarepaired, meaning there is one on the left and one on the right.2. QuestionThe carotid foramen is __________ to the foramen spinosum.Answer Choices• anterior• lateral• posterior

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Study GuideCorrect AnsweranteriorWhy This Is CorrectThecarotid foramen (carotid canal)is locatedin front of (anterior to)theforamen spinosumonthe skull base.Both openings are found near the temporal region, but the carotid opening is positioned more forward.3. QuestionThe __________ bone is anterior to the temporal bone.Answer Choices• parietal• sphenoid• occipitalCorrect AnswersphenoidWhy This Is CorrectThesphenoid bonesits toward thefront (anterior)of the skull compared to thetemporal bone.The sphenoid is a central bone that helps form part of the eye socket and the floor of the cranium.4. QuestionThe vomer bone is located inside the __________.

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Study GuideAnswer Choices• nasal cavity• orbital cavity of the eye• cranial cavityCorrect Answernasal cavityWhy This Is CorrectThevomerforms thelower part of the nasal septum, which divides the nasal cavity into left andright sides.So it is found inside thenasal cavity.5. QuestionThe infraorbital foramina are located on the __________.Answer Choices• mandible• maxilla• orbital boneCorrect AnswermaxillaWhy This Is CorrectTheinfraorbital foramenis a small opening found on themaxilla, just below the eye socket.It allows nerves and blood vessels to pass through to the face.

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Study Guide6. QuestionWhich of the following is considered to be a facial bone?Answer Choices• zygomatic• sphenoid• occipitalCorrect AnswerzygomaticWhy This Is CorrectThezygomatic bonesare the cheekbones and are part of thefacial skeleton.Thesphenoidandoccipitalbones are part of thecranium, not the face.2.Hyoid BoneThehyoid boneis a small bone located in theneck. It is special because it isisolated, meaning itdoes not directly attach to any other bonein the skeleton.Instead, it is held in place byligamentsthat connect it to thestyloid processes of the temporalbones.Why is the Hyoid Bone Important?Many muscles attach to the hyoid bone, including muscles from the:•tongue•neck•pharynx•larynx

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Study GuideBecause of these muscle attachments, the hyoid bone helps with movements needed for:swallowingspeech3.Quiz: Hyoid Bone1. QuestionThe hyoid bone is connected to the __________ via ligaments.Answer Choices• first cervical vertebra• posterior portion of the mandible• styloid process of the temporal boneCorrect Answerstyloid process of the temporal boneWhy This Is CorrectThe hyoid bone is attached to thestyloid process of the temporal boneby thestylohyoidligament.This helps support the hyoid in the neck even though it doesnot directly attach to other bones.2. QuestionThe hyoid bone is involved in all the following except __________.Answer Choices• speech• swallowing• pivoting the head

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Study GuideCorrect Answerpivoting the headWhy This Is CorrectThehyoid bonehelps with:swallowing(supports tongue and throat muscles)speech(helps position the tongue and larynx)4.Vertebral ColumnThevertebral column, also called thespine, is made up of26 vertebrae bones.

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Study GuideThe vertebral column has several important jobs:Supportsthe head and trunkProtectsthe spinal cordProvides attachment points forribs and muscles

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Study Guide4.1Parts of a Typical VertebraMost vertebrae follow a basic structure.Figure 1. The Four Regions of the Vertebral Column.

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Study Guide1. Body (Centrum)Thebody(also called thecentrum) is the:•disc-shaped•anterior (front)portion of the vertebraIt providesstrengthand supports body weight.2. Vertebral ArchBehind the vertebral body is a bony ring called thevertebral arch.Inside this ring is an opening called thevertebral foramen.This foramen is the passageway for thespinal cord.When vertebrae are stacked together, all the foramina form a continuous tunnel called thevertebralcanal.3. Pedicles and LaminaeThe vertebral arch is built from two main parts:•Pedicles→ form theanterior (front)sides of the arch•Laminae→ form theposterior (back)sides of the arch4.2Processes of the VertebraThere areseven processesthat extend out from the vertebral arch. These help with muscleattachment and joint formation.1 Spinous Process•projectsposteriorly(toward the back)•provides attachment formuscles and ligaments

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Study Guide2 Transverse Processes•one oneach sideof the vertebra•located where the pedicles meet the laminae•muscles and ligaments attach hereSpecial note (Cervical vertebrae):Each transverse process contains atransverse foramen, and blood vessels pass through it to reachthe brain.2 Superior Articular Processes•extend from thetop (superior surface)of the vertebral arch•form joints with thevertebra above2 Inferior Articular Processes•extend from thebottom (inferior surface)of the vertebral arch•form joints with thevertebra below4.3Intervertebral Foramina (Nerve Openings)Between vertebrae, there are openings calledintervertebral foramina.•they are located between the superior and inferior surfaces of the pedicles•these openings allownerves to exit the spinal cordand pass outside the vertebral columnIntervertebral DiscsBetween adjacent vertebrae areintervertebral discs.Each disc has two parts:1. Annulus Fibrosus•the toughouter ring•made offibrocartilage

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