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Anatomy and Physiology - The Skeletal System

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    Study Guide Anatomy and Physiology – The Skeletal System 1. Quiz: Skull: Cranium and Facial Bones 1. Question Which of the following facial bones is NOT a paired bone? Answer Choices • mandible • maxilla • nasal Correct Answer mandible Why This Is Correct The mandible (lower jawbone) is a single bone , so it is not paired . The maxilla and nasal bones are paired , meaning there is one on the left and one on the right. 2. Question The carotid foramen is __________ to the foramen spinosum. Answer Choices • anterior • lateral • posterior

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    Study Guide Correct Answer anterior Why This Is Correct The carotid foramen (carotid canal) is located in front of (anterior to) the foramen spinosum on the skull base. Both openings are found near the temporal region, but the carotid opening is positioned more forward. 3. Question The __________ bone is anterior to the temporal bone. Answer Choices • parietal • sphenoid • occipital Correct Answer sphenoid Why This Is Correct The sphenoid bone sits toward the front (anterior) of the skull compared to the temporal bone . The sphenoid is a central bone that helps form part of the eye socket and the floor of the cranium. 4. Question The vomer bone is located inside the __________.

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    Study Guide Answer Choices • nasal cavity • orbital cavity of the eye • cranial cavity Correct Answer nasal cavity Why This Is Correct The vomer forms the lower part of the nasal septum , which divides the nasal cavity into left and right sides. So it is found inside the nasal cavity . 5. Question The infraorbital foramina are located on the __________. Answer Choices • mandible • maxilla • orbital bone Correct Answer maxilla Why This Is Correct The infraorbital foramen is a small opening found on the maxilla , just below the eye socket. It allows nerves and blood vessels to pass through to the face.

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    Study Guide 6. Question Which of the following is considered to be a facial bone? Answer Choices • zygomatic • sphenoid • occipital Correct Answer zygomatic Why This Is Correct The zygomatic bones are the cheekbones and are part of the facial skeleton . The sphenoid and occipital bones are part of the cranium , not the face. 2. Hyoid Bone The hyoid bone is a small bone located in the neck . It is special because it is isolated , meaning it does not directly attach to any other bone in the skeleton. Instead, it is held in place by ligaments that connect it to the styloid processes of the temporal bones . Why is the Hyoid Bone Important? Many muscles attach to the hyoid bone, including muscles from the: • tongue • neck • pharynx • larynx

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    Study Guide Because of these muscle attachments, the hyoid bone helps with movements needed for: swallowing speech 3. Quiz: Hyoid Bone 1. Question The hyoid bone is connected to the __________ via ligaments. Answer Choices • first cervical vertebra • posterior portion of the mandible • styloid process of the temporal bone Correct Answer styloid process of the temporal bone Why This Is Correct The hyoid bone is attached to the styloid process of the temporal bone by the stylohyoid ligament . This helps support the hyoid in the neck even though it does not directly attach to other bones . 2. Question The hyoid bone is involved in all the following except __________. Answer Choices • speech • swallowing • pivoting the head

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    Study Guide Correct Answer pivoting the head Why This Is Correct The hyoid bone helps with: swallowing (supports tongue and throat muscles) speech (helps position the tongue and larynx) 4. Vertebral Column The vertebral column , also called the spine , is made up of 26 vertebrae bones .

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    Study Guide The vertebral column has several important jobs: Supports the head and trunk Protects the spinal cord Provides attachment points for ribs and muscles

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    Study Guide 4.1 Parts of a Typical Vertebra Most vertebrae follow a basic structure. Figure 1. The Four Regions of the Vertebral Column.

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    Study Guide 1. Body (Centrum) The body (also called the centrum ) is the: • disc - shaped • anterior (front) portion of the vertebra It provides strength and supports body weight. 2. Vertebral Arch Behind the vertebral body is a bony ring called the vertebral arch . Inside this ring is an opening called the vertebral foramen . This foramen is the passageway for the spinal cord . When vertebrae are stacked together, all the foramina form a continuous tunnel called the vertebral canal . 3. Pedicles and Laminae The vertebral arch is built from two main parts: • Pedicles → form the anterior (front) sides of the arch • Laminae → form the posterior (back) sides of the arch 4.2 Processes of the Vertebra There are seven processes that extend out from the vertebral arch. These help with muscle attachment and joint formation. 1 Spinous Process • projects posteriorly (toward the back) • provides attachment for muscles and ligaments

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    Study Guide 2 Transverse Processes • one on each side of the vertebra • located where the pedicles meet the laminae • muscles and ligaments attach here Special note (Cervical vertebrae): Each transverse process contains a transverse foramen , and blood vessels pass through it to reach the brain. 2 Superior Articular Processes • extend from the top (superior surface) of the vertebral arch • form joints with the vertebra above 2 Inferior Articular Processes • extend from the bottom (inferior surface) of the vertebral arch • form joints with the vertebra below 4.3 Intervertebral Foramina (Nerve Openings) Between vertebrae, there are openings called intervertebral foramina . • they are located between the superior and inferior surfaces of the pedicles • these openings allow nerves to exit the spinal cord and pass outside the vertebral column Intervertebral Discs Between adjacent vertebrae are intervertebral discs . Each disc has two parts: 1. Annulus Fibrosus • the tough outer ring • made of fibrocartilage

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