Solution Manual for Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction , 6th Edition

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’s Resource ManualCONTEMPORARYLINGUISTICSA NI N T R O D U C T I O NSixth EditionWilliam O’GradyUniversity of Hawaii at ManoaJohn ArchibaldUniversity of CalgaryMark AronoffState University of New York at Stony BrookJanie Rees-MillerMarietta College’s Resource Manual prepared byJanie Rees-MillerMarietta College

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CONTENTSPart One: Teaching with the Text1Part Two: Answers to End-of-Chapter Questions15Chapter1Language: A Preview172Phonetics193Phonology244Morphology355Syntax416Semantics717Historical Linguistics768The Classification of Languages819Indigenous Languages of North America8410First Language Acquisition8511Second Language Acquisition8912Psycholinguistics9113Brain and Language9314Language in Social Contexts9515Natural Sign Languages9716Writing and Language9817Computational Linguistics9918Animal Communicationv

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1Part One:Teaching withthe TextThe introductory linguistics course is the bread and butter of many linguisticsprograms. The fact that the Linguistics Society of America has an Undergradu-ate Program Advisory Committee and that symposia and poster sessions aredevoted to the topic at annual meetings of the LSA attests to the importance ofteaching the introductory course well. As noted in an article inLanguage(Spring, Cari, Michael Flynn, Brian Joseph, Rae Moses, Susan Steele, andCharlotte Web. “The Successful Introductory Course: Bridging the Gap for theNonmajor.”Language76 [2000]: 110–122), successful courses take into ac-count the characteristics of the specific institution and department, as well asthose of the student population where the course is offered. Not only is theintroductory course the foundation for graduates pursuing higher degrees inlinguistics, but it may also be the only course in linguistics that undergraduatesor graduate students in other disciplines take.Contemporary Linguisticsis designed to meet these varying needs by intro-ducing linguistics as an academic discipline that is challenging yet fascinatingand accessible. In planning and delivering course material, and assessing studentprogress, instructors usingContemporary Linguisticscan tailor their teaching tosuit the particular situations in which they find themselves. Also, the ancillariesprovide additional flexibility in tailoring the course to the specific needs of stu-dents. In addition to this’s Resource Manual,there is aStudy Guideforstudents and a robust companion Web site atbedfordstmartins.com/linguistics,which includes advanced material, extra problems, an entire chapter on animalcommunication, and interactive features such as an audiomap of U.S. dialectsand an audio chart of IPA vowels and consonants. Instructors can choose whatchapters to cover, the amount of each chapter to cover, in what order to presentmaterial, and how much and what kind of work to assign outside of class.Planning the CourseWe recommend that the introductory linguistics class include the core areas oflinguistics covered in Chapters 1–6 ofContemporary Linguistics, no matter whatthe nature of the course. Although individual instructors may choose to spendmore or less time on each core area, we believe that the field of linguistics rests

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2PART ONE: Teaching with the Texton the basic subdisciplines of phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, andsemantics. Furthermore, some of the later chapters (e.g., Chapter 11, “SecondLanguage Acquisition,” and Chapter 17, “Computational Linguistics”) assumefamiliarity with methods of analysis, issues, and terminology introduced in thecore. The order, however, is not rigid. For example, some instructors follow theintroduction in Chapter 1, “Language: A Preview,” with Chapter 18, “AnimalCommunication,” or Chapter 13, “Brain and Language.” Alternatively, Chapter15, “Natural Sign Languages,” is very accessible and could be covered imme-diately after Chapter 1.The core areas can be approached in the order presented in the text; someprofessors, though, choose to teach Chapter 4, “Morphology,” before the chap-ters on phonetics and phonology (Chapters 2 and 3). Within the core chaptersand elsewhere, more advanced material has been moved to the Web site.Instructors of graduate classes will no doubt make use of this more advancedmaterial, whereas instructors of undergraduate classes may choose not to assignit. Even within the text, the professor may choose not to assign entire chaptersif time does not allow or if some material does not address the needs of the par-ticular student audience.In Part Two of this manual, the answer key, we have included section num-bers for each problem so that instructors can plan homework to correspondwith assigned reading. On the Web site there are extra exercises for chapters,and each exercise is linked with online material where appropriate. There arealso some interactive exercises for some of the core chapters, and we encour-age professors to explore the online material.Institutional and departmental factors to consider in choosing which chap-ters to cover and how much material to assign include the following:•How much time is allowed for the course — one or two quarters? a semester?a summer school module? How many contact hours are there, and how muchtime is there between class sessions?At the graduate level, with students who have had undergraduate prepara-tion in linguistics, it may be possible to cover most of the chapters of the text ina semester. However, we do not suggest trying to cover the entire textbook in aquarter or in a five- to six-week summer module. Even within a semester,a selection of chapters will likely need to be made, depending on the nature ofthe students. A course that is ordinarily a semester course and is also taught ina summer module may be able to cover the same number of chapters, but whatis done in class and what can reasonably be assigned for homework may be dif-ferent. The more time students have between class meetings, the more workcan be assigned as homework between classes. If, however, the class meetsevery day, the homework assigned between one class and the next must bedoable within twenty-four hours.•What is the place of the course within the department? Is it an elective, acourse by which undergraduate majors can be attracted, or a foundationcourse for linguistics graduate students?Answers to these questions will help determine how much material can bepacked into the course — namely, how many chapters can be covered, how much

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of each chapter can be covered, how much homework can be assigned, and howchallenging the work can be. Students who are taking the course as preparationfor graduate work will generally be motivated and interested in more theoreti-cal aspects of linguistics. Students whose focus of study is not linguistics maynot come to the course with the same degree of motivation and interest. It isthen up to the instructor to use the text to help convey that linguistics is bothrelevant and fascinating. Graduate students with some undergraduate prepara-tion in linguistics should be able to handle a quicker pace and more challeng-ing material than undergraduates with no prior preparation.•What is the place of the introductory linguistics course within the institution?Does it satisfy a general education requirement? Is it a requirement for stu-dents in other disciplines, such as education, English, TESOL, foreign lan-guages, anthropology, or communication?The selection of chapters to be covered in the course will depend crucially onthese factors. If the majority of students in the class are not graduate students inlinguistics, we recommend covering at least some portions of Chapters 1–6 anda selection of some but not all of the remaining chapters. The chapters selectedshould reflect the needs and interests of the students. For example, Chapter 7,“Historical Linguistics,” is relevant for students of English; anthropology stu-dents would profit from Chapter 8, “The Classification of Languages,” andChapter 9, “Indigenous Languages of North America,” among others. If thecourse is required for education majors, then Chapter 10, “First LanguageAcquisition,” and Chapter 14, “Language in Social Contexts,” are particularlyrelevant. If a large number of students taking the course are preparing to teachESL or are majoring in foreign languages, then Chapter 11, “Second LanguageAcquisition,” should be included in the course. These suggestions are merely astarting point for planning the selection of chapters and topics to be covered inthe class.•What is the student profile? What is the age range and level of maturityamong the students? Are they full-time or part-time students? Is the classethnically, culturally, and linguistically diverse or relatively homogeneous?Mature students are often meticulous about completing readings and doingassignments, but those who are part-time students with full-time jobs as well asfamily responsibilities have less time to devote to the course than do full-timestudents without these constraints on their time.We recommend that instructors collect information from students in the firstclass session about their academic background, their reasons for taking thecourse, their first and other languages, and so on. If a large proportion of thestudents are nonnative English speakers, especially newly arrived internationalstudents, readings should if possible be assigned more frequently and in small-er amounts rather than in large chunks assigned over longer periods of time.Linguistic diversity within a class can be a wonderful asset for the instructorand can indicate to all students even on the first day of class how relevant acourse in linguistics is. Throughout the course, when examples from particularlanguages occur in the text, it is helpful to call on native speakers of those lan-guages to produce the examples.PART ONE: Teaching with the Text3

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•What are the instructor’s areas of special interest and expertise?Once institutional and departmental factors and student needs are taken intoaccount, most instructors will choose to spend more time on areas of specialinterest to them. This is as it should be! The introductory linguistics courseshould be engaging and intellectually challenging for students, and an instruc-tor’s enthusiasm and interest are contagious.Preparing the SyllabusIn addition to basic information about the course and the instructor, a syllabustypically contains objectives, requirements and means of assessment, and atimetable. We include here examples of each of these.ObjectivesFollowing is a sample list of objectives that could be included in a syllabus. Someobjectives are quite general and could apply to almost any course usingContem-porary Linguistics. Others are more specifically tailored to particular chapters inthe book; for these, chapter numbers appear in parentheses. Instructors will needto decide which objectives are suitable for their students and teaching situation.By the end of the course, students will be able to:•describe and give examples of ways in which human languages are all alikeand how they may differ•use the basic terminology of linguistics to describe language phenomena•apply the tools of linguistic analysis to the sounds, words, and sentences ofa language•explain the ways in which languages change over time (Chapter 7)•discuss important research findings concerning acquisition of first andsecond languages (Chapters 10 and 11)•describe how and where language is processed in the brain (Chapters 12and 13)•describe differing uses of language in its social context (Chapter 14)•evaluate evidence of animal communication (Chapter 18)•enumerate ways in which an understanding of linguistics can be applied tothe solution of practical problems (e.g., Chapter 17)Assessing Student PerformanceIn making a syllabus, the instructor must decide what factors will be taken intoaccount in assigning the final grade for the course. Here are some conventionalassessment measures used in introductory linguistics courses:•attendance/participation (including how attendance is to be recorded orhow participation is to be measured)4PART ONE: Teaching with the Text

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•homework (including how much to assign, how often, and what to do aboutlate homework)•quizzes (including how many to give, how often, and what to do if a studentmisses one)•exams (including how many to give)•final exam (including whether it is to be cumulative)Teaching assistants or newly hired junior faculty should find out from thedepartment whether there are any institutional or departmental policies relatingto attendance, final exams, and other means of assessment. Class size will havea bearing on how frequently written work is collected for a grade. Obviously,if an instructor is solely responsible for grading the work of one hundredstudents, there will not be as much time for grading numerous homework prob-lems every week as with a class of twenty. However,Contemporary Linguisticsoffers an extensive selection of problems at the end of each chapter, as well asin theStudy Guideand on the Web site, so that instructors can assign more orfewer problems depending on their needs and the needs of their students.Sample TimetablesThe four sample timetables included here illustrate some possible ways of select-ing and ordering chapters. We have not included specific reading and homeworkassignments since these are so dependent on the particular teaching situation.For each timetable, we indicate the potential audience—whether graduate orundergraduate, and whether the students’ field of study is linguistics or anotherdiscipline. We also indicate the time span for the course, both the number ofweeks and the number of contact hours per week. In addition, we suggest somefairly conventional means of evaluation; more adventurous instructors may con-ceive more innovative ways of measuring and assessing student progress.Timetable 1: Graduate course (quarter system)Audience:Graduate studentsFoundation course for linguistics degreeNumber of weeks:2 quarters of 10 weeks eachNumber of contacthours per week:4–5 hoursMeans of evaluation:Chapter quizzes35%Homework25%Final exam40%FIRST QUARTERWeekChapter1Chapter 1, “Language: A Preview”Chapter 2, “Phonetics”2Chapter 2, “Phonetics” (continued)Chapter 3, “Phonology”3Chapter 3, “Phonology” (continued)4Chapter 4, “Morphology”PART ONE: Teaching with the Text5

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5Chapter 5, “Syntax”6Chapter 5, “Syntax” (continued)Chapter 6, “Semantics”7Chapter 6, “Semantics” (continued)Chapter 7, “Historical Linguistics”8Chapter 7, “Historical Linguistics” (continued)9Chapter 8, “The Classification of Languages”10Chapter 9, “Indigenous Languages of North America”Final examSECOND QUARTERWeekChapter1Chapter 15, “Natural Sign Languages”Chapter 10, “First Language Acquisition”2Chapter 10, “First Language Acquisition” (continued)3Chapter 10, “First Language Acquisition” (continued)Chapter 11, “Second Language Acquisition”4Chapter 11, “Second Language Acquisition” (continued)Chapter 12, “Psycholinguistics”5Chapter 12, “Psycholinguistics” (continued)Chapter 13, “Brain and Language”6Chapter 14, “Language in Social Contexts”7Chapter 14, “Language in Social Contexts” (continued)8Chapter 16, “Writing and Language”9Chapter 18, “Animal Communication” (online)10Chapter 17, “Computational Linguistics”Final examTimetable 2: Graduate course (semester system)Audience:Graduate students with undergraduatepreparation in linguisticsNumber of weeks:1 semester of 15 weeksNumber of contacthours per week:3 hoursMeans of evaluation:Midterm exam30%Homework30%Final exam40%WeekChapter1Chapter 1, “Language: A Preview”Chapter 2, “Phonetics”2Chapter 2, “Phonetics” (continued)Chapter 3, “Phonology”3Chapter 3, “Phonology” (continued)4Chapter 4, “Morphology”5Chapter 5, “Syntax”6Chapter 5, “Syntax” (continued)Chapter 6, “Semantics”6PART ONE: Teaching with the Text

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7Chapter 6, “Semantics” (continued)Midterm exam8Chapter 7, “Historical Linguistics”9Chapter 8, “The Classification of Languages”10Chapter 9, “Indigenous Languages of North America”11Chapter 10, “First Language Acquisition”12Chapter 12, “Psycholinguistics”Chapter 13, “Brain and Language”13Chapter 14, “Language in Social Contexts”14Chapter 14, “Language in Social Contexts” (continued)Chapter 17, “Computational Linguistics”15Chapter 17, “Computational Linguistics” (continued)Final examTimetable 3: Undergraduate/graduate courseAudience:Upper-level undergraduates; graduate studentsFoundation course for linguisticsSupport course for education and TESOLNumber of weeks:1 semester of 15 weeksNumber of contacthours per week:3 hoursMeans of evaluation:Chapter quizzes20%Homework20%Midterm exam30%Final exam30%WeekChapter1Chapter 1, “Language: A Preview”Chapter 4, “Morphology”2Chapter 4, “Morphology” (continued)3Chapter 2, “Phonetics”4Chapter 2, “Phonetics” (continued)Chapter 3, “Phonology”5Chapter 3, “Phonology” (continued)6Chapter 5, “Syntax”7Chapter 5, “Syntax” (continued)Chapter 6, “Semantics”8Chapter 6, “Semantics” (continued)Midterm exam9Chapter 10, “First Language Acquisition”10Chapter 10, “First Language Acquisition” (continued)Chapter 11, “Second Language Acquisition”11Chapter 11, “Second Language Acquisition” (continued)12Chapter 15, “Natural Sign Languages”13Chapter 16, “Writing and Language”14Chapter 14, “Language in Social Contexts”15Chapter 14, “Language in Social Contexts” (continued)Final examPART ONE: Teaching with the Text7

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Timetable 4: Undergraduate courseAudience :Undergraduate studentsFoundation for a linguistics majorElective courseNumber of weeks:1 semester of 15 weeksNumber of contacthours per week:3 hoursMeans of evaluation:Two exams40%Homework30%Final exam30%WeekChapter1Chapter 1, “Language: A Preview”Chapter 18, “Animal Communication” (online)2Chapter 18, “Animal Communication” (continued)Chapter 2, “Phonetics”3Chapter 2, “Phonetics” (continued)4Chapter 2, “Phonetics” (continued)Chapter 3, “Phonology”5Chapter 3, “Phonology” (continued)6Chapter 3, “Phonology” (continued)Exam 17Chapter 4, “Morphology”8Chapter 4, “Morphology” (continued)Chapter 5, “Syntax”9Chapter 5, “Syntax” (continued)10Chapter 5, “Syntax” (continued)Chapter 6, “Semantics”11Chapter 6, “Semantics” (continued)Exam 212Chapter 7, “Historical Linguistics”13Chapter 7, “Historical Linguistics” (continued)14Chapter 8, “The Classification of Languages”15Chapter 15, “Natural Sign Languages”Delivering the CourseFor the classroom, we recommend a balance between teacher-fronted andstudent-centered activities. Planning student participation as a regular part ofeach class serves a number of pedagogical purposes. First, student participa-tion breaks up long stretches of teacher-fronted lecture, which is especiallyimportant in classes that last longer than 50 minutes. Second, material is mademore relevant to students when they are actively involved. Third, the instructorcan pitch his or her teaching at the right level for students by responding toquestions and problems as they arise.Class size will affect the kind of participation that the instructor can exploit.The kinds of class activities, student participation, and graded assignments that8PART ONE: Teaching with the Text

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can be planned for a class of 15 will differ from those that can be planned for aclass of 150. Student participation is possible even in a large class, but it pre-sents more challenges and requires some creativity in structuring the lessonand making use of group work.Eliciting Information from StudentsAt the very least, illustrative material can be elicited from the students them-selves, and instructors can plan for this if they have collected information onstudents’ backgrounds and first languages. Following are examples of the kindsof things an instructor can elicit from students:•Chapter 2 (Phonetics): It is very important as students are learning phonetictranscription that the instructor elicit sample words from students; thereis tremendous dialectal variation, and students are naturally confused ifthe transcription presented does not match their own pronunciation. Thereis a section on the Web site devoted to dialectal variation in transcription(bedfordstmartins.com/linguistics/phonetics, click onAmerican dialects),but it is best if some transcription is done in class with input from studentson their own pronunciation.•Chapter 2 (Phonetics): Ask students who are native speakers of languagesother than English to illustrate the non-English sounds covered in Section 10and in the sectionIPA vowels and consonantson the Web site at (bedfordstmartins.com/linguistics/phonetics).•Chapter 3 (Phonology): Compare raising dialects with nonraising dialects(Sections 2.1, 2.3) by eliciting words such aseyes, ice, house(V), andhouse(N) from students who speak a raising dialect and from students whospeak a nonraising dialect.•Chapter 9 (Indigenous Languages of North America): Find out if there areNative Americans in the class who are willing to discuss the status of theirancestral language and any experience they may have had with it.•Chapter 10 (First Language Acquisition): Elicit observations on children’slanguage development from students who are parents.•Chapter 11 (Second Language Acquisition): Elicit relevant illustrativeexamples from learners (or teachers) of second languages.•Chapter 14 (Language in Social Contexts): Elicit pronunciations from stu-dents who come from areas with the Northern Cities Shift or the WesternShift. Elicit examples of habitualbefrom speakers of African AmericanVernacular English (Section 6.2).•Chapter 16 (Writing and Language): Ask students who learned other writingsystems (Section 4) to demonstrate their writing system for the class.Student-Centered ActivitiesStudent-centered activities are those in which students are actively engaged in“doing” linguistics themselves, rather than watching and listening as the teacherPART ONE: Teaching with the Text9

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demonstrates or lectures. The problem sets following each chapter ofContem-porary Linguistics,along with those in theStudy Guideand on the Web site, areextensive enough that some problems can be done by students in class and oth-ers assigned for homework. The instructor sets up the activity in class based ona problem that meets important objectives of the lesson (e.g., lays the ground-work for homework problems, corrects mistakes or misconceptions after workhas been attempted, or explores controversial issues). After setting up the activ-ity, the instructor withdraws from center stage while students are engaged incompleting the tasks. At the end, after allowing students to report their conclu-sions, the instructor addresses problems and questions arising from the activityand summarizes key concepts or processes.Here are some suggestions for student-centered activities:•Students can be prepared for homework problems with in-class activities.For example, Chapter 3 (Phonology), Chapter 4 (Morphology), and Chapter5 (Syntax) each has an appendix on how to solve problems. Using data fromthe appendix, the instructor can show students how to set up a problem onthe board or overhead projector, demonstrate the method, and elicit studentinput until the problem is solved. Then the instructor gives students a fairlyeasy problem to complete in class on their own within a specified time limit(e.g., 10–15 minutes). Students may work either in groups or alone, depend-ing on their preference or the instructor’s directions. At the end of the timeperiod, a student or group demonstrates a solution on the board or overheadwith input and questions from the class and feedback from the instructor.Some problems from the Questions at the end of Chapters 3–5 that lendthemselves to this kind of treatment are:1.Chapter 3, Question 2 (Hindi): A speaker of Hindi can pronounce thewords before students start to work on the problem.2.Chapter 4, Question 4 (Persian): The report to be given by studentsfollowing their work can be apportioned to different groups: one groupwrites the data on the board or overhead transparency, with slashesseparating the morphemes; a second group answers questioni; and athird group answers questionii.3.Chapter 5, Question 5 (tree diagrams for sentences): This should beattempted after the instructor has evidence that students can handlequestions 2, 3, and 4. Pairs or groups of students can each be assignedone or two sentences to diagram on the board or on an overhead trans-parency. Each group presents its diagram for input and questions byclassmates. Extensive exercises on drawing tree diagrams are also avail-able in theStudy Guide.•Students can be responsible for presenting solutions to homework problemson the board while other students comment and offer alternative solutionsor explanations. After students have had their say, the instructor wraps upthe discussion by addressing any questions and highlighting any salientconcepts illustrated by the problem and its solution. This is particularlyuseful when the solution to the problem requires more than just a simple10PART ONE: Teaching with the Text

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answer. The problem sets inContemporary Linguisticsprovide numerousexamples of suitable problems for this kind of treatment, especially inChapters 3 (Phonology), 4 (Morphology), 5 (Syntax), 6 (Semantics), 7(Historical Linguistics), and 17 (Computational Linguistics).•Open-ended questions in the problem sets ofContemporary Linguisticscanbe assigned as homework. When students come to class, they could discusstheir answers in small groups. Groups would then report their conclusionsto the class. Some suitable questions at the ends of chapters are:Chapter 1 (Language: A Preview), Question 2Chapter 2 (Phonetics), Questions 11, 13Chapter 3 (Phonology), Questions 2–5Chapter 5 (Syntax), Question 1Chapter 6 (Semantics), Question 6Chapter 10 (First Language Acquisition), Questions 6, 14Chapter 11 (Second Language Acquisition), Questions 6–10Chapter 12 (Psycholinguistics), Questions 6, 8Chapter 13 (Brain and Language), Question 4Chapter 14 (Language in Social Contexts), Questions 2– 6Chapter 16 (Writing and Language), Questions 1, 2Chapter 17 (Computational Linguistics), Question 7Chapter 18 (Animal Communication), Question 6TestingIdeally, a good test should:•be geared toward the specific student population in the class (e.g., under-graduate or graduate; high achieving students or students with more modestacademic achievement)•provide a challenge to students while still being doable within the timelimit•discriminate between stronger and weaker students•reflect the range of topics covered in class•reflect the relative emphasis given to topics covered in class•be a learning experience for studentsGetting the right level of difficulty can be a bit tricky. If problems are includedin the test, as they should be for the core chapters, the same basic data set canbe manipulated to make it more or less challenging.To make a problem more challenging:•Increase the number of items in the data set.•Put items in the data set in random order.•Ask more general, open-ended questions.•Ask students to examine several variables (morphemes, phonemes orallophones, etc.) instead of just one variable.PART ONE: Teaching with the Text11

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To make a problem less challenging:•Limit the number of items in the data set.•Order items in the data set so that salient features are more noticeable.•Ask specific questions first that will lead students to make the correctgeneralization.•Ask students to focus on only one variable.For example, using the Tagalog data from the appendix on solving phonologyproblems at the end of Chapter 3, here are examples of an easy problem and amore difficult problem.Easy problem: The data set is limited. It is arranged so that minimal andnear-minimal pairs are obvious. Specific questions lead students to the correctgeneralization, and there is only one possible contrast ([h] versus [ʔ]).Data set: Focus on [h] and [ʔ]kahon‘box’ʔumagos‘to flow’ʔari‘property’humagos‘to paint’hariʔ‘king’Questions:What is the phonetic description of each of the following:[ʔ]place ______________voice ______________manner ______________[h]place ______________voice ______________manner ______________Are there minimal pairs for [h] and [ʔ]?YesNoIf yes, what are they?____________________________________________Are [h] and [ʔ] in complementary distribution?YesNoIf yes, describe the environments:_______________________________________________________________Are [h] and [ʔ] separate phonemes or allophones of the same phoneme?_________________________ Explain the reasons for your answer:_______________________________________________________________Difficult problem: The data set is larger. Items in the data set are randomizedso that minimal and near-minimal pairs are less obvious. Questions are open-ended, so students must know how to arrive at correct generalizations. Studentsmust examine several possible contrasts.Data set: Focus on: [h] and [ʔ]; [ʔ] and [t]; [t] and [ɾ]; [ɾ] and [d]datiŋ‘to arrive’dumi‘dirt’kahon‘box’ʔumagos‘to flow’dami‘amount’daɾaʔiŋ‘will complain’haɾiʔ‘king’mandukot‘to go pickpocketing’daʔatiŋ‘will arrive’ʔaɾi‘property’manduɾukot‘pickpocket’maɾumi‘dirty’12PART ONE: Teaching with the Text

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humagos‘to paint’daʔiŋ‘to complain’maɾami‘many’Questions:For each pair of sounds listed above, state whether it is two separatephonemes or allophones of a single phoneme. Support your answer withappropriate evidence.Note that the easier problem is less time-consuming to grade because theanswers are either right or wrong, and there is only one answer per blank. Grad-ing the more challenging, open-ended question will require reading essay-typeanswers and finding the answer, although there could easily be a grading rubricfor assigning point values.Using the AncillariesThe ancillaries have been designed to makeContemporary Linguisticsmoreflexible in meeting a variety of student needs. TheStudy Guideprovides shortsummaries of the main concepts of the first seven chapters of the book andincludes numerous exercises with an answer key in the back. It should proveparticularly useful for students who need extra work and self-study material.The exercises are generally fairly short, and several can be used within a classperiod; in large lecture classes with smaller discussion sessions taught by teach-ing assistants, theStudy Guideproblems can provide material around which thediscussion sessions are organized.The material on the Web site is designed for both undergraduate and moreadvanced classes. The interactive and Web-based exercises will be appropriatefor a broad range of students, especially for undergraduates, whereas the moreadvanced material will suit students who are ready for greater challenge.Because of the range of material available, the Web site can be usefully exploitedfor a combined undergraduate/graduate class.If the instructor has access to a smart classroom, there is a range of materialon the Web site that can be displayed during a lecture, such as color-codedconsonant and vowel charts for the phonetics and phonology chapters and mapsof the distribution of language families for Chapter 8, “The Classification ofLanguages.” For instructors who do not have access to a smart classroom, thereare also transparency masters available for use during lectures. These are down-loadable from the companion Web site atbedfordstmartins.com/linguistics.Part Two of the’s Resource Manualcontains answers to the end-of-chapter questions inContemporary Linguistics.PART ONE: Teaching with the Text13

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