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Microbiology - Diseases of the Reproductive System

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    Study Guide Microbiology – Diseases of the Reproductive System 1. Fungal and Protozoal Diseases of the Reproductive System The reproductive system can be affected by infections caused by fungi and protozoa . These infections often develop when the normal balance of microorganisms in the body is disturbed or when pathogens are transmitted through close contact. Below are two important examples. 1.1 Candidiasis (Yeast Infection) Candidiasis, commonly known as a yeast infection , is caused by the fungus Candida albicans . This infection often occurs when the normal bacterial population of the reproductive tract is reduced. A common reason for this imbalance is the overuse of antibiotics , which kill helpful bacteria along with harmful ones. When this happens, Candida can grow rapidly. Typical symptoms include: • Intense itching ( pruritus ) • Irritated or inflamed tissues • Lesions similar to those seen in oral thrush • A yellowish, thick, cheesy discharge Diagnosis is usually made by direct visual observation of the yeast cells in clinical samples. Treatment is effective with antifungal medications such as: • Nystatin • Clotrimazole • Miconazole 1.2 Trichomoniasis Trichomoniasis is the only protozoal disease of the reproductive system. It is caused by the flagellated protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis .

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    Study Guide The organism lives and multiplies along the mucosal lining of the reproductive tract . Infection often causes discomfort and noticeable changes in discharge. Common symptoms include: • Internal irritation or discomfort • A profuse green - yellow discharge • A strong, unpleasant odor The organism can be identified by examining urine or discharge samples under a microscope. Treatment is usually straightforward and successful with the drug metronidazole . Key Takeaway Fungal and protozoal infections of the reproductive system are common and usually treatable. 2. Bacterial Diseases of the Reproductive System The male and female reproductive systems are connected to the outside environment, which makes it easier for bacteria to enter. Once inside, infections can spread to deeper tissues and organs, sometimes leading to serious complications if not treated promp tly. 2.1 Gonorrhea Gonorrhea is one of the most commonly reported infectious diseases . It is caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae , a Gram - negative diplococcus . The bacteria attach to the lining of the urethra in both males and females, causing urethritis . Gonorrhea is spread through sexual contact . Symptoms • Males often have more noticeable symptoms, including: o Pain during urination o A thick, whitish discharge from the urethra • Females may have mild or no symptoms, which can delay diagnosis

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    Study Guide Treatment with antibiotics such as penicillin, tetracycline, and others is usually effective. Complications If untreated, gonorrhea can cause serious problems: • In females, scarring of the Fallopian tubes , leading to sterility • In males, blockage of the epididymis or vas deferens • Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) in females, affecting the uterus, cervix, and ovaries • Infection of other areas such as the rectum, throat, joints, meninges, or eyes Newborns exposed during birth may develop gonococcal ophthalmia , a serious eye infection. Preventive treatment with silver nitrate or erythromycin shortly after birth is effective. 2.2 Chlamydia Chlamydia is caused by Chlamydia trachomatis and produces symptoms similar to gonorrhea. It is often called nongonococcal urethritis to distinguish it from gonorrhea. Symptoms • Pain during urination • Frequent urge to urinate • Watery discharge Millions of cases occur each year. Tetracycline is commonly used for treatment. Complications • Pelvic inflammatory disease • Sterility in both males and females • Chlamydial ophthalmia in newborns 2.3 Mycoplasmal and Ureaplasmal Urethritis Two other bacteria can cause urethral infections:

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