Microbiology - Diseases of the Skin and Eyes - Quick Guides | Microbiology

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Study GuideMicrobiology–Diseases of the Skin and Eyes1.Fungal and Parasitic Skin DiseasesThe skin can be infected byfungiandparasites, leading to a variety of conditions. These infectionsoften causeitching, redness, swelling, or lesions, and they spread in different ways.1.1Athlete’s Foot and Ringworm (Dermatomycoses)Athlete’s footandringwormare common fungal skin infections caused by fungi from the generaTrichophyton,Microsporum, andEpidermophyton. These fungi are calleddermatophytes, and thediseases they cause are known asdermatomycoses.•Infection spreads throughfragments of fungal hyphae•Fluid-filled skin lesionsare common•Spread easily by contact with contaminated surfaces or skinTypes•Athlete’s foot–tinea pedis•Ringworm of the body–tinea corporis•Ringworm of the groin–tinea cruris•Ringworm of the scalp–tinea capitisTreatment usually involvesantifungal ointments, and in more serious cases, the prescription druggriseofulvin.1.2SporotrichosisSporotrichosisis a fungal infection caused bySporothrix schenckii.•Enters the body throughskin wounds•Commonly associated withrose or barberry thornsandsphagnum moss•Begins as anodular massat the site of entry

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Study Guide•Spreads alonglymphatic vessels•Causes swelling (edema) andhard, knotlike growthsunder the skinTreatment includespotassium iodideoramphotericin B.1.3BlastomycosisBlastomycosisis caused by the fungusBlastomyces dermatitidis.•Infection may spread from thelungsor throughskin wounds•Producespus-filled lesionsandmultiple abscesses•Can becomesystemic, affecting other organsSevere cases are treated withamphotericin B.1.4Candidiasis (Yeast Infection)Candidiasisis caused by the yeastCandida albicans, which is normally part of the body’snormalflora.Vaginal Yeast Infection•Occurs when the normal balance of microbes is disrupted•Often follows destruction oflactobacilli•Symptoms include:oDiscomfortoPruritus (itching)oPossible dischargeTreatment includes antifungal drugs such asmiconazole,ketoconazole, anditraconazole.Other Forms•Thrush–white patches and inflammation in the mouth and on the tongue•Onychosis–skin infection seen in people whose hands are frequently exposed to water

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Study GuideSwimmer’s ItchSwimmer’s itchis caused by skin invasion of flatworm larvae fromSchistosomaspecies.•The worms themselves arenot pathogenic•They trigger anallergic reaction•Results initching and skin irritation•Infection occurs while swimming incontaminated water1.5Dracunculiasis (Guinea Worm Disease)Dracunculiasisis caused by the roundwormDracunculus medinensis.•Worms live withinskin lesions•They eventuallyemerge through the skin•Common intropical regions•Treatment involvescareful removal of the wormthrough openings in the lesionKey TakeawayFungal and parasitic skin diseases range from mild, treatable infections to more serious conditions.Early recognition, proper hygiene, and appropriate treatment are essential to prevent spread andcomplications.2.Eye DiseasesThe eyes are delicate organs and can be affected bybacteria, viruses, and parasites. Eyeinfections often causeredness, itching, discharge, pain, or vision problems. Early treatment isimportant because some eye diseases can lead topermanent damage or blindnessif not managedproperly.2.1Conjunctivitis (Pinkeye)Conjunctivitisis an infection of theconjunctiva, the thin membrane that covers the inner eyelid andthe white part of the eye.

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Study Guide•Bacterial conjunctivitisis commonly calledpinkeye•A frequent cause is the Gram-negative bacteriumHaemophilus aegyptius•Symptoms include:oRed eyesoItchingoDischarge (exudate)•It ishighly contagious•Spread occurs throughdroplets and direct contactTreatment usually involvesantibiotic eye ointments or drops, often containingneomycin.2.2TrachomaTrachomais a chronic bacterial eye infection caused byChlamydia trachomatis.•The organism is extremely small•It infects thecornea•Causes rough,sandy or pebble-like growths•These growths interfere with vision and can lead to blindness•Transmission usually occurs throughdirect contactTreatment includestetracyclineand other antibiotics.2.3Secondary Eye Infections in NewbornsSomesexually transmitted infections (STIs)can cause eye infections in newborns duringchildbirth.Gonococcal Ophthalmia•Caused byNeisseria gonorrhoeae•Can lead to severecorneal inflammation•May result inblindnessif untreated

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