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Anatomy and Physiology - Anatomy and Chemistry Basics

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    Study Guide Anatomy and Physiology – Anatomy and Chemistry Basics 1. Quiz: What is Anatomy and Physiology? 1. Question Which of the following is NOT a concept of anatomy? Answer Choices • It is the study of the structure of things. • It is the study of the function of structures. • It is the study of the relationship of one structure to another. Correct Answer It is the study of the function of structures. Why This Is Correct Anatomy focuses on the structure of body parts and how they relate to each other. The study of function is called physiology , not anatomy. 2. Question What is the difference between the study of histology and the study of cytology? Answer Choices • Histology is the study of the cells of the body while cytology is the study of the systems of the body. • Histology is the study of the history of anatomy while cytology is the study of the cells of the body. • Histology is the study of the tissues of the body while cytology is the study of the cells that make the tissues.

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    Study Guide Correct Answer Histology is the study of the tissues of the body while cytology is the study of the cells that make the tissues. Why This Is Correct • Histology = study of tissues (groups of cells working together) • Cytology = study of cells (basic living units) 3. Question Which of the following is the correct sequence beginning with the simplest to the most complex? Answer Choices • atoms, molecules, cells, tissues, organs, organ system, organism • atoms, cells, molecules, tissues, organ system, organs, organism • atoms, molecules, tissues, cells, organs, organ system, organism Correct Answer atoms, molecules, cells, tissues, organs, organ system, organism Why This Is Correct Biological organization builds from smaller to larger: Atoms → Molecules → Cells → Tissues → Organs → Organ Systems → Organism 4. Question A group of cells having the same function comprise a(n) __________.

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    Study Guide Answer Choices • tissue • organ • organ system Correct Answer tissue Why This Is Correct A tissue is made of similar cells working together for a shared function (like muscle tissue). 5. Question Our body temperature fluctuates something like this: 98.6°F to 98.8°F to 98.4°F to 98.6°F, etc. Basically, the body is maintaining an average temperature of 98.6°F. In order to accomplish this task, what type of mechanism is involved? Answer Choices • positive feedback • negative feedback • positive feedback followed by negative feedback followed by positive feedback, etc. Correct Answer negative feedback Why This Is Correct Negative feedback works to restore normal conditions when the body changes. Example: • If temperature rises → sweating cools the body • If temperature drops → shivering warms the body

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    Study Guide 6. Question When a newborn nurses, the child applies pressure to the nipple area. This pressure sets off a release of hormones that are involved in releasing the milk. As more pressure is applied, more milk is released. Hence, more pressure, more release, more pressur e, more release, etc. What type of feedback mechanism is involved? Answer Choices • positive feedback • negative feedback • homeostatic Correct Answer positive feedback Why This Is Correct Positive feedback amplifies the original stimulus. In nursing: more stimulation → more hormone release → more milk release. 7. Question When glucose levels are high in the bloodstream after a meal, __________ is released to cause the glucose to enter into the cell thus bringing the blood glucose levels back to normal. This is done via a __________ feedback mechanism. Answer Choices • glucagon; positive • insulin; negative • insulin; positive

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    Study Guide Correct Answer insulin; negative Why This Is Correct • Insulin lowers blood glucose by helping glucose enter cells. • This is negative feedback because it brings levels back to normal. 8. Question Which of the following two hormones are involved in maintaining homeostasis (via a negative feedback mechanism) regarding the level of blood glucose? Answer Choices • insulin and glucagon • glucagon and glycogen • insulin and glycogen Correct Answer insulin and glucagon Why This Is Correct • Insulin lowers blood glucose • Glucagon raises blood glucose Together they maintain homeostasis using negative feedback. 9. Question During exercise, the muscle cells are removing glucose from the blood to make energy for muscle contractions and the glucose level in the blood decreases. What hormone is involved to get the liver to put glucose into the blood in an effort to maintain bloo d glucose levels?

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    Study Guide Answer Choices • glucagon • insulin • glycogen Correct Answer glucagon Why This Is Correct Glucagon signals the liver to release glucose into the bloodstream , raising blood sugar during low levels (like during exercise). 10. Question The stomach is __________ to the heart. Answer Choices • anterior • superior • inferior Correct Answer inferior Why This Is Correct Inferior means below . The stomach is located below the heart in the body.

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    Study Guide 11. Question The nose is on the __________ side of the face. Answer Choices • anterior • superior • posterior Correct Answer anterior Why This Is Correct Anterior means front . The nose is located on the front of the face. 12. Question The ears are on the __________ side of the face. Answer Choices • anterior • lateral • medial Correct Answer lateral Why This Is Correct Lateral means toward the sides . The ears are located on the sides of the head.

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    Study Guide 13. Question Which of the following would be in reference to a disease involving a contralateral aspect of the body? Answer Choices • right kidney and left kidney • spleen (left side of the body) and the kidney on the same side of the body • right arm and right leg Correct Answer right kidney and left kidney Why This Is Correct Contralateral means on opposite sides of the body . Right kidney = right side, left kidney = left side → opposite sides. 14. Question What type of dissectional cut is being described? A piece of tissue is cut in such a manner to separate the left side from the right side. Answer Choices • frontal plane • sagittal plane • transverse plane Correct Answer sagittal plane

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    Study Guide Why This Is Correct A sagittal plane divides the body into left and right portions. 15. Question Making a dissectional cut beginning on the medial side of the finger and ending on the lateral side of the finger would be a __________ cut (plane). Answer Choices • frontal • sagittal • transverse Correct Answer transverse Why This Is Correct A transverse plane cuts across a structure (perpendicular to its length). Cutting from the medial side to the lateral side across the finger is a transverse cut. 2. Atoms, Molecules, Ions, and Bonds Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass . Everything around you — including air, water, rocks, and your body — is made of matter. Matter is built from elements . Each element has its own special physical and chemical properties. We represent elements using chemical symbols , usually made of one or two letters , such as: • C = carbon • Ca = calcium • H = hydrogen

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    Study Guide • O = oxygen • N = nitrogen • P = phosphorus 1. What Is an Atom? An atom is the smallest unit of an element that still keeps that element’s characteristics. For example: • A carbon atom is still carbon. • An oxygen atom is still oxygen. Atoms are the “basic building blocks” of all matter. 2. From Atoms to Molecules (and Compounds) Atoms can join together by forming chemical bonds . When atoms bond together, they form a molecule . A molecule’s makeup is shown using a chemical formula , such as: • O ₂ (oxygen gas) • H ₂ O (water) • C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ (glucose) Molecules vs. Compounds A compound is a special kind of molecule where the atoms are different elements . Compounds: • H ₂ O (hydrogen + oxygen) • C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ (carbon + hydrogen + oxygen) Not a compound: • O ₂ (only oxygen atoms, same element)

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