Anatomy and Physiology - Anatomy and Chemistry Basics - Quick Guides

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Study GuideAnatomy and Physiology–Anatomy and ChemistryBasics1.Quiz: What is Anatomy and Physiology?1. QuestionWhich of the following is NOT a concept of anatomy?Answer Choices•It is the study of the structure of things.•It is the study of the function of structures.•It is the study of the relationship of one structure to another.Correct AnswerIt is the study of the function of structures.Why This Is CorrectAnatomy focuses on thestructureof body parts and how they relate to each other.The study offunctionis calledphysiology, not anatomy.2. QuestionWhat is the difference between the study of histology and the study of cytology?Answer Choices•Histology is the study of the cells of the body while cytology is the study of the systems of the body.•Histology is the study of the history of anatomy while cytology is the study of the cells of the body.•Histology is the study of the tissues of the body while cytology is the study of the cells that make thetissues.

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Study GuideCorrect AnswerHistology is the study of the tissues of the body while cytology is the study of the cells that makethe tissues.Why This Is Correct•Histology= study oftissues(groups of cells working together)•Cytology= study ofcells(basic living units)3. QuestionWhich of the following is the correct sequence beginning with the simplest to the most complex?Answer Choices•atoms, molecules, cells, tissues, organs, organ system, organism•atoms, cells, molecules, tissues, organ system, organs, organism•atoms, molecules, tissues, cells, organs, organ system, organismCorrect Answeratoms, molecules, cells, tissues, organs, organ system, organismWhy This Is CorrectBiological organization builds from smaller to larger:Atoms → Molecules → Cells → Tissues → Organs → Organ Systems → Organism4. QuestionA group of cells having the same function comprise a(n) __________.

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Study GuideAnswer Choices•tissue•organ•organ systemCorrect AnswertissueWhy This Is CorrectAtissueis made ofsimilar cells working togetherfor a shared function (like muscle tissue).5. QuestionOur body temperature fluctuates something like this: 98.6°F to 98.8°F to 98.4°F to 98.6°F, etc.Basically, the body is maintaining an average temperature of 98.6°F. In order to accomplish this task,what type of mechanism is involved?Answer Choices•positive feedback•negative feedback•positive feedback followed by negative feedback followed by positive feedback, etc.Correct Answernegative feedbackWhy This Is CorrectNegative feedbackworks torestore normal conditionswhen the body changes.Example:•If temperature rises → sweating cools the body•If temperature drops → shivering warms the body

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Study Guide6. QuestionWhen a newborn nurses, the child applies pressure to the nipple area. This pressure sets off arelease of hormones that are involved in releasing the milk. As more pressure is applied, more milk isreleased. Hence, more pressure, more release, more pressure, more release, etc. What type offeedback mechanism is involved?Answer Choices•positive feedback•negative feedback•homeostaticCorrect Answerpositive feedbackWhy This Is CorrectPositive feedbackamplifiesthe original stimulus.In nursing: more stimulation → more hormone release → more milk release.7. QuestionWhen glucose levels are high in the bloodstream after a meal, __________ is released to cause theglucose to enter into the cell thus bringing the blood glucose levels back to normal. This is done via a__________ feedback mechanism.Answer Choices•glucagon; positive•insulin; negative•insulin; positive

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Study GuideCorrect Answerinsulin; negativeWhy This Is Correct•Insulinlowers blood glucose by helping glucose enter cells.•This isnegative feedbackbecause it brings levels back to normal.8. QuestionWhich of the following two hormones are involved in maintaining homeostasis (via a negativefeedback mechanism) regarding the level of blood glucose?Answer Choices•insulin and glucagon•glucagon and glycogen•insulin and glycogenCorrect Answerinsulin and glucagonWhy This Is Correct•Insulinlowers blood glucose•Glucagonraises blood glucoseTogether they maintain homeostasis using negative feedback.9. QuestionDuring exercise, the muscle cells are removing glucose from the blood to make energy for musclecontractions and the glucose level in the blood decreases. What hormone is involved to get the liverto put glucose into the blood in an effort to maintain blood glucose levels?

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Study GuideAnswer Choices•glucagon•insulin•glycogenCorrect AnswerglucagonWhy This Is CorrectGlucagonsignals the liver torelease glucose into the bloodstream, raising blood sugar during lowlevels (like during exercise).10. QuestionThe stomach is __________ to the heart.Answer Choices•anterior•superior•inferiorCorrect AnswerinferiorWhy This Is CorrectInferiormeansbelow.The stomach is locatedbelowthe heart in the body.

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Study Guide11. QuestionThe nose is on the __________ side of the face.Answer Choices•anterior•superior•posteriorCorrect AnsweranteriorWhy This Is CorrectAnteriormeansfront.The nose is located on thefrontof the face.12. QuestionThe ears are on the __________ side of the face.Answer Choices•anterior•lateral•medialCorrect AnswerlateralWhy This Is CorrectLateralmeanstoward the sides.The ears are located on thesidesof the head.

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Study Guide13. QuestionWhich of the following would be in reference to a disease involving a contralateral aspect of the body?Answer Choices•right kidney and left kidney•spleen (left side of the body) and the kidney on the same side of the body•right arm and right legCorrect Answerright kidney and left kidneyWhy This Is CorrectContralateralmeanson opposite sides of the body.Right kidney = right side, left kidney = left side → opposite sides.14. QuestionWhat type of dissectional cut is being described? A piece of tissue is cut in such a manner to separatethe left side from the right side.Answer Choices•frontal plane•sagittal plane•transverse planeCorrect Answersagittal plane

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Study GuideWhy This Is CorrectAsagittal planedivides the body intoleft and rightportions.15. QuestionMaking a dissectional cut beginning on the medial side of the finger and ending on the lateral side ofthe finger would be a __________ cut (plane).Answer Choices•frontal•sagittal•transverseCorrect AnswertransverseWhy This Is CorrectAtransverse planecutsacrossa structure (perpendicular to its length).Cutting from themedial side to the lateral sideacross the finger is a transverse cut.2.Atoms, Molecules, Ions, and BondsMatter isanything that takes up space and has mass. Everything around you—including air, water,rocks, and your body—is made of matter.Matter is built fromelements. Each element has its own special physical and chemical properties. Werepresent elements usingchemical symbols, usually made ofone or two letters, such as:•C= carbon•Ca= calcium•H= hydrogen

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Study Guide•O= oxygen•N= nitrogen•P= phosphorus1. What Is an Atom?Anatomis thesmallest unit of an elementthat still keeps that element’s characteristics.For example:•A carbon atom is still carbon.•An oxygen atom is still oxygen.Atoms are the “basic building blocks” of all matter.2. From Atoms to Molecules (and Compounds)Atoms canjoin togetherby formingchemical bonds. When atoms bond together, they form amolecule.A molecule’s makeup is shown using achemical formula, such as:•O₂(oxygen gas)•H₂O(water)•C₆H₁₂O₆(glucose)Molecules vs. CompoundsAcompoundis a special kind of molecule where the atoms aredifferent elements.Compounds:•H₂O(hydrogen + oxygen)•C₆H₁₂O₆(carbon + hydrogen + oxygen)Not a compound:•O₂(only oxygen atoms, same element)

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