Anatomy and Physiology - Articulations - Quick Guides | Anatomy and Physiology

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Study GuideAnatomy and Physiology–Articulations1.Classifying JointsThe human body can perform amazing movements—like dancing, running, and playing sports—because ofjoints. Joints make the skeletonmovable, not stiff like a statue.At the same time, joints also help with:•stability•support•protectionA very important idea to remember is:More mobility usually means less stability.For example:•Skull sutures(between cranial bones) are almost immovable, but they are very stable andprotect the brain well.•Theshoulder joint(a ball-and-socket joint) allows many movements, but it is less stable,which is why shoulder injuries are common.What is a Joint?Ajoint(also called anarticulation) isany place where two bones meet.Joints are classified intwo ways:1.Structural classification2.Functional classification

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Study Guide1.1Structural Classification of JointsStructural classification depends on:•what material holds the bones together•whether ajoint cavityis present or not

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Study Guide1. Fibrous JointsFibrous joints are held together byfibrous connective tissue.Key points:•No joint cavity•movement is usuallynone or slight•these joints may beimmovable or slightly movable2. Cartilaginous JointsCartilaginous joints are held together bycartilage.Cartilage can be:•hyaline cartilage•fibrocartilageKey points:•No joint cavity•joints may beimmovable or slightly movable3. Synovial JointsSynovial joints are the most common joints in the body.Key point:•They have asynovial cavity (joint cavity)filled withsynovial fluidBecause of this structure:•Synovial joints arefreely movable•Most body joints are synovial jointsThere arethree structural types:

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Study GuideFigure 1.A synovial joint.1.2Main Features of a Synovial JointSynovial joints contain several important parts:1. Articular Cartilage•made ofhyaline cartilage•covers the ends of the bonesIt reduces friction and helps smooth movement.2. Synovial Membrane•surrounds the synovial cavity•made ofareolar connective tissueIt producessynovial fluid, which lubricates the joint.3. Fibrous CapsuleThis is the strong outer layer around the joint.It often contains dense irregular connective tissue bundles calledligaments, which:•strengthen the joint•allow flexibility while still giving support

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Study Guide4. Articular CapsuleThearticular capsuleis made of:•thesynovial membrane•thefibrous capsule5. Accessory LigamentsAccessory ligaments can be located:•outsidethe articular capsule (extracapsular ligaments)or•insidethe synovial cavity (intracapsular ligaments)1.3Functional Classification of JointsFunctional classification is based onhow much movementa joint allows.There arethree functional types:1. SynarthrosisAllowsno movement•structurally, it may befibrousorcartilaginous2. AmphiarthrosisAllowsslight movement•structurally, it may befibrousorcartilaginous

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