Anatomy and Physiology - Bones and Skeletal Tissues - Quick Guides

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Study GuideAnatomy and Physiology–Bones and Skeletal Tissues1.Quiz: Types of Bones1. QuestionThe patella is called a __________ bone.Answer Choices• sutural• sesamoid• WormianCorrect AnswersesamoidWhy This Is CorrectThepatella (kneecap)is asesamoid bonebecause it is a bone that formsinside a tendon.Sesamoid bones help reduce friction and improve the movement of joints.2. QuestionA small bone embedded between skull sutures would be called all of the following EXCEPT__________.Answer Choices• sutural• sesamoid• Wormian

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Study GuideCorrect AnswersesamoidWhy This Is CorrectSmall bones found between skull sutures are called:•sutural bones•Wormian bones(another name for sutural bones)They arenotsesamoid bones because sesamoid bones form intendons, not skull sutures.3. QuestionWhich of the following is considered to be an irregular bone?Answer Choices• rib• humerus• vertebraCorrect AnswervertebraWhy This Is CorrectAvertebrahas a complex shape that does not fit the categories of long, short, or flat bones, so it isclassified as anirregular bone.•Rib= flat bone•Humerus= long bone

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Study Guide2.Bone StructureBones are not just hard structures—they are living tissues with cells, blood supply, and specialstructures that help them stay strong and heal when damaged.There aretwo main types of bone tissue:1.Compact bone2.Spongy boneFigure 1.Main features of a long bone.1. Compact Bone (Hard Outer Bone)Compact boneis the hard material that forms:

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Study Guide•theshaft of long bones•theouter surfaceof other bonesOsteons (Haversian Systems)Compact bone is built from cylindrical units calledosteons.Each osteon contains:Concentric lamellae•rings (layers) of hard, calcified matrixOsteocytes (bone cells)•located in small spaces calledlacunae•lacunae lie between the lamellaeCentral canal•runs through the center of the osteon•contains:oblood vesselsonerve fibersCanaliculi•tiny channels that radiate outward from the central canal•they connect osteocytes to:oeach otherothe central canalHow nutrients and wastes moveOsteocytes send out small cellular extensions through canaliculi.Through these extensions:•nutrients move from blood vessels to osteocytes•wastes move from osteocytes back to the blood

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Study GuidePerforating canalsPerforating canalsallow blood vessels in the central canals to connect with blood vessels in theperiosteum(the outer covering of bone).2. Spongy Bone (Light, Lattice-like Bone)Spongy boneis made of thin, irregular plates calledtrabeculae.•trabeculae form alatticework network•this structure makes bone strong but lighterHow trabeculae are similar to osteonsTrabeculae also have:•lamellae(calcified layers)•osteocytes in lacunae•canaliculiconnecting osteocytesWhy spongy bone has no central canalTrabeculae are only a few cell layers thick.Because of this, each osteocyte is close enough to nearby blood vessels for nutrient exchange.So spongy bonedoes not need a central canal.Main Features of a Long Bone (Using Figure 1)1. Diaphysis (Shaft)Thediaphysisis the long tubular part of a long bone.It is mainly made ofcompact bone tissue.2. Epiphysis (Ends of the Bone)Theepiphysisis the expanded end of a long bone.This is the area wherered blood cells are formed.

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Study Guide3. MetaphysisThemetaphysisis the region where the diaphysis meets the epiphysis.It contains theepiphyseal line, which is a leftover remnant of cartilage from bone growth.4. Medullary Cavity (Marrow Cavity)Themedullary cavityis the hollow space inside the diaphysis.•it contains adipose tissue that stores fat (lipids)•this forms theyellow marrow5. Articular CartilageArticular cartilagecovers the epiphysis where joints form.It helps reduce friction and makes joint movement smoother.6. PeriosteumTheperiosteumis a membrane covering the outside of the bone:•covers the diaphysis•also covers epiphyses where articular cartilage is absentIt contains:•osteoblasts(bone-forming cells)•osteoclasts(bone-destroying cells)•nerve fibers•blood vessels•lymphatic vesselsImportant: ligaments and tendons attach to the periosteum.

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Study Guide7. EndosteumTheendosteumis the membrane that lines themarrow cavity.Features of Short, Flat, and Irregular BonesShort and irregular bones•spongy bone is inside•surrounded by a thin layer of compact boneFlat bones•spongy bone is in the middle•covered by compact bone on both sidesThe spongy bone in flat bones is called thediploëCoverings of BonesPeriosteum•covers the outside compact bone layerEndosteum•covers the trabeculae inside the boneRed Marrow and Blood Cell FormationIn some bones, the spaces between trabeculae containred marrow, which performshematopoiesis(blood cell production).These bones include:•ribs•vertebrae•hip bones•sternum

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Study Guide3.Quiz: Bone Structure1. QuestionCompact bone is made of concentric rings of osteocytes called __________.Answer Choices• lacunae• osteons• canaliculiCorrect AnswerosteonsWhy This Is CorrectCompact boneis organized into strong circular units calledosteons (Haversian systems).Each osteon contains concentric layers that help bone stay strong and resist pressure.2. QuestionThe osteocytes of bone are arranged in concentric rings called __________.Answer Choices• lamellae• lacunae• osteonsCorrect Answerlamellae

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Study GuideWhy This Is CorrectThelamellaeare the circular “rings” of bone matrix that make up an osteon.Osteocytes sit between these rings.3. QuestionOsteocytes are stationary cells that sit in depressions in the lamellae. These depressions are called__________.Answer Choices• lacunae• central canals• osteonsCorrect AnswerlacunaeWhy This Is CorrectLacunaeare the tiny spaces in the bone matrix whereosteocytes live.4. QuestionSince osteocytes are stationary cells, they have to receive their nutrients via the __________.Answer Choices• lacunae• canaliculi• trabeculae

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Study GuideCorrect AnswercanaliculiWhy This Is CorrectCanaliculiare tiny channels that allow nutrients and oxygen to move from blood vessels toosteocytes inside lacunae.5. QuestionThe ends of long bones are called the __________.Answer Choices• epiphyses• diaphyses• metaphysesCorrect AnswerepiphysesWhy This Is CorrectTheepiphysesare the rounded ends of long bones (like the ends of the femur).They help form joints with other bones.6. QuestionWhich of the following is the growing line or growth zone (growth plate) of the long bones?Answer Choices• epiphysis• diaphysis• metaphysis

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