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Anatomy and Physiology - Bones and Skeletal Tissues

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    Study Guide Anatomy and Physiology – Bones and Skeletal Tissues 1. Quiz: Types of Bones 1. Question The patella is called a __________ bone. Answer Choices • sutural • sesamoid • Wormian Correct Answer sesamoid Why This Is Correct The patella (kneecap) is a sesamoid bone because it is a bone that forms inside a tendon . Sesamoid bones help reduce friction and improve the movement of joints. 2. Question A small bone embedded between skull sutures would be called all of the following EXCEPT __________. Answer Choices • sutural • sesamoid • Wormian

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    Study Guide Correct Answer sesamoid Why This Is Correct Small bones found between skull sutures are called: • sutural bones • Wormian bones (another name for sutural bones) They are not sesamoid bones because sesamoid bones form in tendons , not skull sutures. 3. Question Which of the following is considered to be an irregular bone? Answer Choices • rib • humerus • vertebra Correct Answer vertebra Why This Is Correct A vertebra has a complex shape that does not fit the categories of long, short, or flat bones, so it is classified as an irregular bone . • Rib = flat bone • Humerus = long bone

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    Study Guide 2. Bone Structure Bones are not just hard structures — they are living tissues with cells, blood supply, and special structures that help them stay strong and heal when damaged. There are two main types of bone tissue : 1. Compact bone 2. Spongy bone Figure 1. Main features of a long bone. 1. Compact Bone (Hard Outer Bone) Compact bone is the hard material that forms:

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    Study Guide • the shaft of long bones • the outer surface of other bones Osteons (Haversian Systems) Compact bone is built from cylindrical units called osteons . Each osteon contains: Concentric lamellae • rings (layers) of hard, calcified matrix Osteocytes (bone cells) • located in small spaces called lacunae • lacunae lie between the lamellae Central canal • runs through the center of the osteon • contains: o blood vessels o nerve fibers Canaliculi • tiny channels that radiate outward from the central canal • they connect osteocytes to: o each other o the central canal How nutrients and wastes move Osteocytes send out small cellular extensions through canaliculi. Through these extensions: • nutrients move from blood vessels to osteocytes • wastes move from osteocytes back to the blood

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    Study Guide Perforating canals Perforating canals allow blood vessels in the central canals to connect with blood vessels in the periosteum (the outer covering of bone). 2. Spongy Bone (Light, Lattice - like Bone) Spongy bone is made of thin, irregular plates called trabeculae . • trabeculae form a latticework network • this structure makes bone strong but lighter How trabeculae are similar to osteons Trabeculae also have: • lamellae (calcified layers) • osteocytes in lacunae • canaliculi connecting osteocytes Why spongy bone has no central canal Trabeculae are only a few cell layers thick. Because of this, each osteocyte is close enough to nearby blood vessels for nutrient exchange. So spongy bone does not need a central canal . Main Features of a Long Bone (Using Figure 1) 1. Diaphysis (Shaft) The diaphysis is the long tubular part of a long bone. It is mainly made of compact bone tissue . 2. Epiphysis (Ends of the Bone) The epiphysis is the expanded end of a long bone. T his is the area where red blood cells are formed .

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    Study Guide 3. Metaphysis The metaphysis is the region where the diaphysis meets the epiphysis. It contains the epiphyseal line , which is a leftover remnant of cartilage from bone growth. 4. Medullary Cavity (Marrow Cavity) The medullary cavity is the hollow space inside the diaphysis. • it contains adipose tissue that stores fat (lipids) • this forms the yellow marrow 5. Articular Cartilage Articular cartilage covers the epiphysis where joints form. It helps reduce friction and makes joint movement smoother. 6. Periosteum The periosteum is a membrane covering the outside of the bone: • covers the diaphysis • also covers epiphyses where articular cartilage is absent It contains: • osteoblasts (bone - forming cells) • osteoclasts (bone - destroying cells) • nerve fibers • blood vessels • lymphatic vessels Important: ligaments and tendons attach to the periosteum.

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    Study Guide 7. Endosteum The endosteum is the membrane that lines the marrow cavity . Features of Short, Flat, and Irregular Bones Short and irregular bones • spongy bone is inside • surrounded by a thin layer of compact bone Flat bones • spongy bone is in the middle • covered by compact bone on both sides The spongy bone in flat bones is called the diploë Coverings of Bones Periosteum • covers the outside compact bone layer Endosteum • covers the trabeculae inside the bone Red Marrow and Blood Cell Formation In some bones, the spaces between trabeculae contain red marrow , which performs hematopoiesis (blood cell production). These bones include: • ribs • vertebrae • hip bones • sternum

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    Study Guide 3. Quiz: Bone Structure 1. Question Compact bone is made of concentric rings of osteocytes called __________. Answer Choices • lacunae • osteons • canaliculi Correct Answer osteons Why This Is Correct Compact bone is organized into strong circular units called osteons (Haversian systems) . Each osteon contains concentric layers that help bone stay strong and resist pressure. 2. Question The osteocytes of bone are arranged in concentric rings called __________. Answer Choices • lamellae • lacunae • osteons Correct Answer lamellae

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    Study Guide Why This Is Correct The lamellae are the circular “rings” of bone matrix that make up an osteon. Osteocytes sit between these rings. 3. Question Osteocytes are stationary cells that sit in depressions in the lamellae. These depressions are called __________. Answer Choices • lacunae • central canals • osteons Correct Answer lacunae Why This Is Correct Lacunae are the tiny spaces in the bone matrix where osteocytes live . 4. Question Since osteocytes are stationary cells, they have to receive their nutrients via the __________. Answer Choices • lacunae • canaliculi • trabeculae

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    Study Guide Correct Answer canaliculi Why This Is Correct Canaliculi are tiny channels that allow nutrients and oxygen to move from blood vessels to osteocytes inside lacunae. 5. Question The ends of long bones are called the __________. Answer Choices • epiphyses • diaphyses • metaphyses Correct Answer epiphyses Why This Is Correct The epiphyses are the rounded ends of long bones (like the ends of the femur). They help form joints with other bones. 6. Question Which of the following is the growing line or growth zone (growth plate) of the long bones? Answer Choices • epiphysis • diaphysis • metaphysis

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