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Anatomy and Physiology - Muscle Tissue

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    Study Guide Anatomy and Physiology – Muscle Tissue 1. Quiz: Types of Muscles 1. Question Which of the following muscles typically operate under voluntary control? Answer Choices • cardiac • skeletal • smooth Correct Answer skeletal Why This Is Correct Skeletal muscles are voluntary , meaning you control them consciously. Example: walking, lifting, writing. 2. Question Which muscles can cause blood vessels to dilate or constrict depending on external conditions? Answer Choices • cardiac • skeletal • smooth

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    Study Guide Correct Answer smooth Why This Is Correct Smooth muscle lines blood vessels and can automatically control vasodilation (widening) and vasoconstriction (narrowing). This helps regulate blood pressure and blood flow. 3. Question Which of the following muscles do NOT consist of striations? Answer Choices • cardiac • skeletal • smooth Correct Answer smooth Why This Is Correct Smooth muscle is non - striated , meaning it does not have the striped appearance seen in skeletal and cardiac muscles. Cardiac and skeletal muscles are both striated . 2. Connective Tissue Associated with Muscle Tissue A skeletal muscle is made up of many muscle cells called muscle fibers . These fibers are grouped together and wrapped in layers of connective tissue .

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    Study Guide These connective tissue layers help the muscle stay organized, strong, and able to contract efficiently. 2.1 Connective Tissue Layers Around Skeletal Muscle 1. Endomysium The endomysium is the connective tissue layer that surrounds: each individual muscle fiber (muscle cell) Think of it like the thin wrapping around a single thread. 2. Perimysium The perimysium surrounds a group of muscle fibers. It wraps muscle fibers into a bundle called a fascicle . So: • muscle fibers + perimysium = fascicle 3. Epimysium The epimysium is the outer connective tissue layer. It surrounds all fascicles together to form the entire muscle . This is like the outer cover holding the whole muscle together. Tendons and Aponeuroses 4. Tendon A tendon is a strong, cord - like extension of the three muscle coverings: • endomysium • perimysium • epimysium

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    Study Guide It extends beyond the muscle and connects: • muscle to bone or • muscle to another muscle 5. Aponeurosis An aponeurosis is similar to a tendon, but instead of being cord - like, it is: flat and broad It performs the same job as a tendon — connecting muscles to bones or other muscles. Fascia (Connective Tissue Sheets) 6. Fascia Fascia is a general term for a sheet or layer of connective tissue . 7. Deep Fascia The deep fascia is located deeper in the body. It surrounds the epimysium and also encloses or lines structures nearby such as: • blood vessels • nerves • body wall structures 8. Superficial Fascia The superficial fascia is the layer located just under the skin . It is also called: • hypodermis • subcutaneous layer The superficial fascia merges with deep fascia in areas where skin surfaces meet.

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    Study Guide 3. Quiz: Connective Tissue Associated with Muscle Tissue 1. Question The __________ surrounds the entire muscle. The __________ surrounds groups of muscle fibers. The __________ surrounds individual muscle fibers. Answer Choices • endomysium; epimysium; perimysium • epimysium; perimysium; endomysium • perimysium; epimysium; endomysium Correct Answer epimysium; perimysium; endomysium Why This Is Correct Muscles are wrapped in 3 layers of connective tissue: • Epimysium = surrounds the entire muscle • Perimysium = surrounds bundles of muscle fibers (fascicles) • Endomysium = surrounds each individual muscle fiber A good way to remember: EPI = Entire muscle 2. Question A tendon is an extension of which of the following? Answer Choices • endomysium and epimysium • endomysium and perimysium • endomysium, epimysium, and perimysium

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    Study Guide Correct Answer endomysium, epimysium, and perimysium Why This Is Correct A tendon forms when all three connective tissue layers come together and merge at the end of a muscle. This creates a strong attachment that connects muscle to bone . 4. Structure of Skeletal Muscle A skeletal muscle fiber is a single muscle cell , but it is very different from most other cells in the body. It has special names for its parts and a unique internal structure that helps it contract. 4.1 Special Terms in a Muscle Fiber 1. Sarcolemma The sarcolemma is the plasma membrane of a muscle cell. It is deeply folded inward to form transverse tubules (T tubules or T tubes) . These T tubules go deep into the cell and help signals spread quickly throughout the muscle fiber. 2. Sarcoplasm The sarcoplasm is the cytoplasm of the muscle cell. Inside the sarcoplasm there is a special calcium - storing structure called the sarcoplasmic reticulum . The sarcoplasmic reticulum is the specialized endoplasmic reticulum of muscle cells, and it stores calcium , which is important for muscle contraction. 3. Nuclei in Skeletal Muscle Skeletal (striated) muscle cells are multinucleated , meaning:

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    Study Guide each muscle fiber has many nuclei These nuclei are located along the outer edge (periphery) of the cell. They form small swellings that can often be seen through the sarcolemma. 4. Myofibrils Most of the inside of the muscle fiber is filled with long structures called myofibrils . Myofibrils are the structures that actually help the muscle contract. 4.2 Filaments Inside Myofibrils Each myofibril is built using two main types of filaments . Figure 1. Two types of filaments

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    Study Guide 1. Thin Filaments (Actin) Thin filaments are mainly made of the protein actin . Key features: • actin forms two strands • arranged in a double helix • along the actin are two important proteins: o troponin o tropomyosin Troponin and tropomyosin help control contraction by covering special binding sites on actin. 2. Thick Filaments (Myosin) Thick filaments are made from groups of the protein myosin . Key features: • myosin forms protruding heads • each myosin filament has a head at one end • in a thick filament, many myosin molecules are arranged so there are protruding heads at many positions , on both ends of the filament 4.3 Sarcomeres and Muscle Striations Inside a myofibril: • actin and myosin filaments are arranged parallel • they lie side by side • they overlap in a repeating pattern This overlap creates the light and dark band pattern that makes skeletal muscle look striated (striped).

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    Study Guide Sarcomere (The Functional Unit) The repeating unit of the pattern is called a sarcomere . • Each sarcomere is separated by a boundary called the Z disc (Z line) • Actin (thin filaments) are attached to the Z disc • Myosin (thick filaments) lie between the actin filaments Important: Myosin filaments “float” between actin filaments and are not attached to the Z disc . 5. Quiz: Structure of Skeletal Muscle 1. Question Muscle cells store calcium ions needed for contraction in an organelle called __________. Answer Choices • fascia • sarcolemma • sarcoplasmic reticulum Correct Answer sarcoplasmic reticulum Why This Is Correct The sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) is a specialized organelle in muscle cells that stores calcium ions (Ca² ⁺ ) . When contraction begins, the SR releases calcium so the muscle can contract.

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    Study Guide 2. Question Myosin cross - bridges are extensions of __________. Answer Choices • actin • myosin • troponin Correct Answer myosin Why This Is Correct The cross - bridges are the “heads” sticking out from myosin (thick filaments) . They attach to actin and pull it during muscle contraction. 3. Question The membrane around a muscle cell is called a __________. Answer Choices • sarcoplasm • sarcolemma • sarcomere Correct Answer sarcolemma Why This Is Correct The sarcolemma is the cell membrane of a muscle fiber. It surrounds the muscle cell and helps carry electrical signals that start contraction.

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