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Anatomy and Physiology - The Cell

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    Study Guide Anatomy and Physiology – The Cell 1. Quiz: The Cell and Its Membrane 1. Question The fluid matrix inside the cell is called __________. Answer Choices • nucleoplasm • endoplasm • cytosol Correct Answer cytosol Why This Is Correct Cytosol is the jelly - like fluid inside the cell where organelles are found and many chemical reactions occur. ( Nucleoplasm is the fluid inside the nucleus.) 2. Question The cytosol consists of all the following except __________. Answer Choices • organelles • water • cell membrane

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    Study Guide Correct Answer cell membrane Why This Is Correct The cell membrane surrounds the cell, so it is not part of the cytosol . Cytosol contains mostly water , dissolved substances, and is the fluid that surrounds organelles inside the cell. 3. Question There is water on the inside and outside of a cell. The inside water and outside water are separated by a cell membrane that is composed of two layers of phospholipids. Due to the hydrophobic nature of the fatty acids in the cell membrane, which of the fol lowing best describes the position of the fatty acids within the membrane? Answer Choices • facing toward each other • facing away from each other • facing toward each other while others face away from each other Correct Answer facing toward each other Why This Is Correct Fatty acid tails are hydrophobic (water - fearing) , so they turn inward away from water. They face toward each other in the middle of the membrane, while the hydrophilic heads face outward. 4. Question The cell membrane is composed of numerous proteins, some of which allow for passage of material in and out of the cell. Which of the following proteins allow large molecules to pass through passively?

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    Study Guide Answer Choices • receptor • channel • transmembrane transporter protein Correct Answer channel Why This Is Correct Channel proteins allow certain substances to pass through the membrane passively (facilitated diffusion), meaning no ATP is required . 5. Question Which of the following proteins have a carbohydrate molecule associated with it? Answer Choices • channel • adhesion • recognition Correct Answer recognition Why This Is Correct Recognition proteins often have carbohydrate chains attached (forming glycoproteins ) that act like ID tags for cell identification.

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    Study Guide 6. Question Since the liver cells detoxify drugs, they most likely have an abundance of __________. Answer Choices • smooth endoplasmic reticulum • nuclei • lysosomes Correct Answer smooth endoplasmic reticulum Why This Is Correct The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) is responsible for detoxifying drugs and harmful substances , especially in liver cells. 7. Question Since the cells of the cortex of the adrenal gland produce steroid hormones, they most likely have an abundance of __________. Answer Choices • mitochondria • nuclei • smooth endoplasmic reticulum Correct Answer smooth endoplasmic reticulum Why This Is Correct The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is important for making lipids and steroid hormones , so steroid - producing cells have a lot of SER.

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    Study Guide 8. Question Since muscle cells make and utilize an abundance of ATP (energy) for muscle activity, each muscle cell most likely has numerous __________. Answer Choices • peroxisomes • lysosomes • mitochondria Correct Answer mitochondria Why This Is Correct Mitochondria are the “powerhouses” of the cell where ATP is produced , so active muscle cells contain many mitochondria. 9. Question During metabolism, hydrogen peroxide is produced as a byproduct. Hydrogen peroxide can lead to the formation of toxic products. In order to prevent this, the cells break hydrogen peroxide down to form water and oxygen. Which of the following cell organelle s has this function? Answer Choices • lysosomes • smooth endoplasmic reticulum • peroxisomes Correct Answer peroxisomes

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    Study Guide Why This Is Correct Peroxisomes contain enzymes (like catalase) that break down hydrogen peroxide (H ₂ O ₂ ) into water (H ₂ O) and oxygen (O ₂ ) to protect the cell. 2. Cell Junctions Normally, the plasma membranes of neighboring cells are not touching directly . Instead, there is usually a small space filled with extracellular fluid between them. This fluid is important because it helps materials move: • nutrients from the bloodstream to cells • wastes from cells back to the bloodstream However, in some tissues, cells need to stay strongly connected or communicate quickly . In those cases, the cell membranes join together to form special connections called cell junctions . Figure 1. The three types of cell junctions.

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    Study Guide 2.1 The 3 Types of Cell Junctions 1) Desmosomes (Strong “Spot Welds”) Desmosomes are strong protein attachments between adjacent cells. Inside the plasma membrane, a desmosome has: • a disk - shaped structure • protein fibers that extend into the cytoplasm Main job: hold cells together tightly Desmosomes work like spot welds , which makes tissues stronger — especially tissues that experience a lot of pulling, stretching, or pressure. Examples of where desmosomes are common: • skin • heart muscle 2) Tight Junctions (Leak - Proof Seams) Tight junctions are like tightly stitched seams between cells. A tight junction: completely surrounds each cell (like a seal) blocks materials from slipping between cells So, substances cannot pass through the spaces between cells. Why is this important? In some organs, the body needs materials to pass through the cell , not between cells. Tight junctions force that controlled movement. Where tight junctions are found: • cells lining the digestive tract This helps regulate what enters the bloodstream from digestion.

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    Study Guide 3) Gap Junctions (Communication Tunnels) Gap junctions are tiny tunnels between neighboring cells. They are made of protein structures called: connexons Connexons allow only: • ions • small molecules What do gap junctions do? Gap junctions allow cells to: communicate by exchanging materials send electrical signals quickly (electrical impulses) Key Takeaways • Desmosomes = D urable “spot welds” (strong hold) • Tight junctions = T ight seal (no leaks between cells) • Gap junctions = G aps for communication (small tunnels) 3. Quiz: Cell Junctions 1. Question Many cells in our body have a certain degree of space between them. Generally, there is water or fibrous products within that space; however, some cells don't have a space between them and are tightly bound to each other. Which of the following cell juncti ons is designed in such a manner to create a “tube” connecting one cell to the other such as in cardiomyocytes? Answer Choices • gap junctions • tight junctions • desmosomes

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    Study Guide Correct Answer gap junctions Why This Is Correct Gap junctions form tiny channels (“tubes”) that connect the cytoplasm of one cell to another, allowing ions and small molecules to pass through. This is especially important in cardiomyocytes (heart muscle cells) so electrical signals can travel quickly for coordinated contractions. 2. Question Which of the following types of junctions have protein that extends from one cell to another, thus “attaching” one cell to the other such as in the cells of the stratum spinosum? Answer Choices • gap junctions • tight junctions • desmosomes Correct Answer desmosomes Why This Is Correct Desmosomes are strong “spot weld” junctions that use proteins to anchor cells together , providing strength and resistance to pulling forces. They are common in areas with mechanical stress, like the stratum spinosum of the skin .

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    Study Guide 4. Movement of Substances To understand how substances move in and out of cells, you need to know a few key ideas first. These ideas show up again and again in biology and anatomy. 4.1 Key Ideas You Must Know First 1) Movement often happens across a semi - permeable membrane Many substances move across a semi - permeable membrane , such as the plasma membrane . Semi - permeable means: • some substances can pass through • others cannot So the membrane acts like a “selective filter.” 2) We may be talking about solute or solvent When we describe movement in body fluids, we usually mean either: • Water → the solvent • Dissolved particles (like salt or sugar) → the solute 3) Movement depends on the concentration gradient Substances can move: Down the concentration gradient • from higher concentration → lower concentration Up (against) the concentration gradient • from lower concentration → higher concentration 4) Tonicity describes solute concentration differences Solute concentration can vary between two regions. Compared to another area, a solution can be:

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