Solution Manual for Human Anatomy Laboratory Manual with Cat Dissections, 8th Edition

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G U I D EHuman Anatomy Laboratory Manualwith Cat DissectionsE I G H T H E D I T I O NE L A I N E N . M A R I E B , R . N . , P h . D .Holyoke Community CollegeL O R I A . S M I T H , P H . D .American River College

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iiiContentsPrefacevAnatomy and Physiology Laboratory Safety GuidelinesviExercisesExercise 1The Language of Anatomy1Exercise 2Organ Systems Overview8Exercise 3The Microscope15Exercise 4The Cell: Anatomy and Division24Exercise 5Classification of Tissues32Exercise 6The Integumentary System42Exercise 7Overview of the Skeleton: Classification and Structure of Bones and Cartilages50Exercise 8The Axial Skeleton57Exercise 9The Appendicular Skeleton67Exercise 10Articulations and Body Movements77Exercise 11Microscopic Anatomy and Organization of Skeletal Muscle85Exercise 12Gross Anatomy of the Muscular System91Exercise 13Histology of Nervous Tissue104Exercise 14Gross Anatomy of the Brain and Cranial Nerves111Exercise 15The Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves122Exercise 16The Autonomic Nervous System129Exercise 17Special Senses: Anatomy of the Visual System133Exercise 18Special Senses: Visual Tests and Experiments140Exercise 19Special Senses: Hearing and Equilibrium145Exercise 20Special Senses: Olfaction and Taste152Exercise 21Functional Anatomy of the Endocrine Glands156Exercise 22Blood165Exercise 23Anatomy of the Heart174Exercise 24Anatomy of Blood Vessels181Exercise 25The Lymphatic System and Immune Response192Exercise 26Anatomy of the Respiratory System198Exercise 27Anatomy of the Digestive System206

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ivExercise 28Anatomy of the Urinary System214Exercise 29Anatomy of the Reproductive System221Exercise 30Surface Anatomy Roundup230AppendicesAppendix AList of Supply Houses234Appendix BGuide to Multimedia Resource Distributors236

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vPrefaceOrganization of This Instructor’s GuideThisInstructor’s Guideaccompanies the eighth edition ofHuman Anatomy Laboratory Manual with CatDissectionsby Elaine N. Marieb and Lori A. Smith, and is designed to help the anatomy laboratory in-structor.Each exercise in this manual includes detailed directions for setting up the laboratory; comments onthe exercise, including common problems encountered; and answers to the pre-lab quizzes, activityquestions, and group challenges that appear in the text of the lab manual. Answers to questions regardingstudent observations and data collection have not been included.Answers to the lab manual Review Sheets follow each exercise. In some cases, several acceptableanswers have been provided.The time allotment at the beginning of each exercise, indicated by the hourglass icon, is anestimate of the amount of in-lab time it will take to complete the exercise, unless noted otherwise.If you are using multimedia materials, add their running time to the time allotment estimate given.Suggested multimedia materials, indicated by the computer icon, are listed for each exercise. Thedistributor, running time, and format(s) are also listed. The key to distributor abbreviations can befound in Appendix B, Guide to Multimedia Resource Distributors.Each exercise also includes directions for preparing needed solutions, indicated by the test tube icon.The list of laboratory materials that appears in each exercise is intended as a convenience whenordering. Amounts listed assume a laboratory size of 24 and a group size of 4 unless otherwise noted.Names,addresses, and phone numbers of some supply houses are included in Appendix A.Laboratory SafetyAlways establish safety procedures for the laboratory. Students should be given a list of safety proceduresat the beginning of each semester. Suggested safety procedures appear in thisInstructor’s Guideon pp.vi–vii, along with a student acknowledgment form. These may be copied and given to the students. Signedstudent acknowledgment forms should be collected by the instructor once the safety procedures have beenread and explained.Prepare a laboratory safety manual for each laboratory.Special precautions must be taken for laboratories using body fluids. Students should use only their ownfluids or those provided by the instructor. Disposable items should be placed in an autoclave bag andautoclaved for 15 minutes at 121°C and 15 pounds of pressure to ensure sterility. After autoclaving, thedisposable items may be discarded in any disposal facility. All reusable glass and plasticware should besoaked in a 10% bleach solution for 2 hours and then washed with laboratory detergent.Disposal of dissection materials and preservatives should be arranged according to regulations, whichvary from state to state. Contact your state Department of Health or Environmental Protection Agency, ortheir counterparts, for advice.Lori A. Smith

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viAnatomy and PhysiologyLaboratory Safety Guidelines*1.Upon entering the laboratory, locate exits, fire extinguisher, fire blanket, chemical shower, eyewashstation, first aid kit, containers for broken glass, and materials for cleaning up spills.2.Do not eat, drink, smoke, handle contact lenses, store food, or apply cosmetics or lip balm in thelaboratory. Restrain long hair, loose clothing, and dangling jewelry.3.Students who are pregnant, taking immunosuppressive drugs, or who have any other medicalconditions (e.g., diabetes, immunological defect) that might necessitate special precautions in thelaboratory must inform the instructor immediately.4.Wearing contact lenses in the laboratory is inadvisable because they do not provide eye protection andmay trap material on the surface of the eye. Soft contact lenses may absorb volatile chemicals.If possible, wear regular eyeglasses instead.5.Use safety glasses in all experiments involving liquids, aerosols, vapors, and gases.6.Decontaminate work surfaces at the beginning and end of every lab period, using a commerciallyprepared disinfectant or 10% bleach solution. After labs involving dissection of preserved material,use hot soapy water or disinfectant.7.Keep all liquids away from the edge of the lab bench to avoid spills. Clean up spills of viable materialsusing disinfectant or 10% bleach solution.8.Properly label glassware and slides.9.Use mechanical pipetting devices; mouth pipetting is prohibited.10.Wear disposable gloves when handling blood and other body fluids, mucous membranes, andnonintact skin, and when touching items or surfaces soiled with blood or other body fluids. Changegloves between procedures. Wash hands immediately after removing gloves. (Note:Cover open cutsor scrapes with a sterile bandage before donning gloves.)11.Place glassware and plasticware contaminated by blood and other body fluids in a disposableautoclave bag for decontamination by autoclaving, or place them directly into a 10% bleach solutionbefore reuse or disposal. Place disposable materials such as gloves, mouthpieces, swabs, andtoothpicks that have come into contact with body fluids into a disposable autoclave bag anddecontaminate before disposal.12.To help prevent contamination by needlestick injuries, use only disposable needles and lancets.Do not bend the needles and lancets. Needles and lancets should be placed promptly in a labeled,puncture-resistant, leakproof container and decontaminated, preferably by autoclaving.13.Do not leave heat sources unattended.14.Report all spills or accidents, no matter how minor, to the instructor.15.Never work alone in the laboratory.16.Remove protective clothing before leaving the laboratory.

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vii*Adapted from:Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories(BMBL), Fifth Edition. 2009. U.S.Government Printing Office. Washington, D.C. www.cdc.gov/od/OHS/biosfty/bmbl5/bmbl5toc.htmJohnson, Ted, and Christine Case. 2013.Laboratory Experiments in Microbiology, Tenth Edition.San Francisco: Pearson Education.School Chemistry Laboratory Safety Guide. 2006. U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission.Bethesda, MD.www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2007-107/Siegel, J. D., E. Rhinehart, M. Jackson, L. Chiarello, and the Healthcare Infection Control PracticesAdvisory Committee. 2007 Guideline for Isolation Precautions: Preventing Transmission of InfectiousAgents in Healthcare Settings.www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/bbp/universal.html

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viiiLaboratory Safety Acknowledgement SheetI hereby certify that I have read the safety recommendations provided for the laboratory and have locatedall of the safety equipment listed in paragraph 1 of these procedures.Student’s NameCourseDateInstructor’s Name

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1EXERCISE 1The Language of AnatomyIf time is limited, most of this exercise can be done as an out-of-class assignment.Time Allotment:½ hour in lab.Laboratory MaterialsOrdering information is based on a lab size of 24 students, working in groups of 4. A list ofsupply house addresses appears inAppendixA.1–2 human torso models2 human skeletons, one maleand one female3–4 preserved kidneys (sheep)ScalpelsGelatin-spaghetti moldsAdvance Preparation1. Set out human torso models and have articulated skeletons available.2. Obtain three preserved kidneys (sheep kidneys work well). Cut one in transverse section, one inlongitudinal section (usually a sagittal section), and leave one uncut. Label the kidneys, and put themin a demonstration area. You may wish to add a fourth kidney to demonstrate a frontal section.3. The day before the lab, prepare gelatin or Jell-O®using slightly less water than is called for and cookthe spaghetti until it is al dente. Pour the gelatin into several small molds, and drop several spaghettistrands into each mold. Refrigerate until lab time.4. Set out gelatin-spaghetti molds and scalpel.Comments and Pitfalls1. Students will probably have the most trouble understandingproximalanddistal, often confusingthese terms withsuperiorandinferior. They also find the termsanterior/ventralandposterior/dorsalconfusing because these terms refer to the same directions in humans but to different directions infour-legged animals. Apart from this, there should be few problems.Answers to Pre-Lab Quiz (p. 1)1.False2.axial4.b, sagittal3.b, toward or at the body surface5.cranial, vertebral

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2Answers to Activity QuestionsActivity 3: Practicing Using Correct Anatomical Terminology (p. 6)The wrist isproximalto the hand.The trachea (windpipe) isanteriororventralto the spine.The brain issuperiororcephaladto the spinal cord.The kidneys areinferiororcaudalto the liver.The nose ismedialto the cheekbones.The thumb islateralto the ring finger.The thorax issuperiororcephaladto the abdomen.The skin issuperficialto the skeleton.Activity 4: Identifying Organs in the Abdominopelvic Cavity (p. 8)Name two organs found in the left upper quadrant:liver, large intestine, stomach,andspleenName two organs found in the right lower quadrant:small intestineandlarge intestineWhich organ (Figure 1.8) is divided into identical halves by the median plane?urinary bladderAnswer to Group Challenge: The Language of Anatomy (p. 10)1.nasal, mental, cervical, sternal, lumbar, coxal, femoral, crural, tarsal, plantar2.brachial, antecubital, antebrachial, carpal, palmar, digital3.umbilical, buccal, otic, axillary, acromial, pollex4.hallux, plantar, calcaneal, sural, popliteal, femoral5.transverse6.hypogastric7.appendicitis

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3REVIEW SHEETEXERCISE 1Name_______________________Lab Time/Date ________________The Language of AnatomySurface Anatomy1.Match each of the numbered descriptions with the related term in the key, and record the key letter orterm in front of the description.Key:a.buccalc.cephalice.patellarb.calcaneald.digitalf.scapulara; buccal1.cheeke; patellar4.anterior aspect of kneed; digital2.the fingersb; calcaneal5.heel of footf; scapular3.shoulder blade regionc; cephalic6.the head2.Indicate the following body areas on the accompanying diagram by placing the correct key letter at theend of each line.Key:a.abdominalb.antecubitalc.brachiald.cervicale.cruralf.femoralg.fibularh.gluteali.lumbarj.occipitalk.orall.poplitealm. pubicn.suralo.thoracicp.umbilical3.For each term in the key of question 2, determine which of the two major body divisions it belongs to.Insert the appropriate key letters on the answer blanks.b, c, e, f, g, l, n1.appendiculara, d, h, i, j, k, m, o, p2.axial

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4Body Orientation, Direction, Planes, and Sections4.Describe completely the standard human anatomical position.Standing erect, feet together, head andtoes pointed forward, arms hanging at sides with palms forward5.Definesection.A cut along an imaginary plane through the body wall or organ6.Several incomplete statements appear below. Correctly complete each statement by choosing theappropriate anatomical term from the key. Record the key letters and/or terms on the correspondinglynumbered blanks below. Some terms are used more than once.Key:a.anteriord.inferiorg.posteriorj.superiorb.distale.lateralh.proximalk.transversec.frontalf.mediali.sagittalIn the anatomical position, the face and palms are on the1body surface; the buttocks andshoulder blades are on the2body surface; and the top of the head is the most3part of the body.The ears are4and5to the shoulders and6to the nose. The heart is7to the vertebral column(spine) and8to the lungs. The elbow is9to the fingers but10to the shoulder. Theabdominopelvic cavity is11to the thoracic cavity and12to the spinal cavity. In humans, thedorsal surface can also be called the13surface; however, in quadruped animals, the dorsal surface isthe14surface.If an incision cuts the heart into right and left parts, the section is a15section; but if the heart iscut so that superior and inferior portions result, the section is a16section. You are told to cut adissection animal along two planes so that both kidneys are observable in each section. The twosections that will meet this requirement are the17and18sections. A section that demonstrates thecontinuity between the spinal and cranial cavities is a 19 section.1.a; anterior8.f; medial14.j; superior2.g; posterior9.h; proximal15.i; sagittal3.j; superior10.b; distal16.k; transverse4.f; medial11.d; inferior17.c; frontal5.j; superior12.a; anterior18.k; transverse6.e; lateral13.g; posterior19.i; sagittal7.a; anterior

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57.Correctly identify each of the body planes by inserting the appropriate term for each on the answer linebelow the drawing.8.Draw a kidney as it appears when sectioned in each of the three different planes.9.Correctly identify each of the nine regions ofthe abdominopelvic cavity by inserting theappropriate term for each of the lettersindicated in the drawing.a.epigastric regionb.right hypochondriac regionc.left hypochondriac regiond.umbilical regione.right lumbar regionf.left lumbar regiong.hypogastric (pubic) regionh.right iliac regioni.left iliac region

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6Body Cavities10.Which body cavities would have to be opened for the following types of surgeries or procedures? (Usethe key to find the correct choice, and write the letter in the same-numbered blank. More than onechoice applies.)Key:a.abdominopelvicc.dorsale.thoracicb.craniald.spinalf.ventrale, f1.surgery to remove a cancerous lung lobea, f4.appendectomya, f2.removal of the uterus, or womba, f5.stomach ulcer operationb, c3.removal of a brain tumord, c6.delivery of preoperative “saddle”anesthesia11.Name the muscle that subdivides the ventral body cavity.Diaphragm12.What are the bony landmarks of the abdominopelvic cavity?Dorsally, the vertebral column; laterallyand anteriorly, the pelvis13.Which body cavity provides theleastprotection to its internal structures?Abdominal14.What is the function of the serous membranes of the body?The serous membranes produce alubricating fluid (serous fluid) that reduces friction as organs slide across one another oragainst the cavity walls during their functioning.15.A nurse informs you that she is about to take blood from the antecubital region. What portion of yourbody should you present to her?Your arm; the anterior surface of the elbow joint16.Using the key, identify the small body cavities described below. Write the correct letter in each blankline.Key:a.middle ear cavityc.oral cavitye.synovial cavityb.nasal cavityd.orbital cavityd; orbital cavity1.holds the eyes in an anterior-facing positiona; middle ear cavity2.houses three tiny bones involved in hearing

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7b; nasal cavity3.contained within the nosec; oral cavity4.contains the tonguee; synovial cavity5.surrounds a joint17.On the incomplete flowchart provided below:•Fill in the cavity names that belong in boxes 3 through 8.•Then, using either the name of the cavity or the box numbers, identify the descriptions in the listthat follows.FPO

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8EXERCISE 2Organ Systems OverviewTime Allotment:1½ hours (rat dissection—1 hour; human torso model—½ hour).Solutions:Bleach Solution, 10%Measure out 100 milliliters of household bleach. Add water to a final volume of 1 liter.Multimedia Resources:See Appendix B for Guide to Multimedia Resource Distributors.Homeostasis(FHS: 20 minutes, DVD, 3-year streaming webcast)Homeostasis: The Body in Balance(HRM: 26 minutes, DVD)Practice Anatomy Lab™ 3.0(PAL) (PE: DVD, Website)Laboratory MaterialsOrdering information is based on a lab size of 24 students, working in groups of 2 or 4. Alist of supply house addresses appears in Appendix A.Dissectible human torsomodel or cadaver6–12 forceps6–12 scissors6–12 blunt probesDisposable gloves, soap, andsponges6–12 freshly killed orpreserved rats, orpredissected humancadaverTwine or large dissecting pins6–12 dissecting traysLab disinfectant or 10%bleachsolutionAdvance Preparation1. Make arrangements for appropriate storage and disposal of dissection materials. Check with theDepartment of Health or the Department of Environmental Protection, or their counterparts, forstate regulations.2. Designate a disposal container for organic debris, set up a dishwashing area with hot soapy water andsponges, and provide lab disinfectant such as Wavicide-01 (Carolina) or a 10% bleach solution forwashing down the lab benches.3. Set out safety glasses and disposable gloves for dissection of freshly killed animals (to protectstudents from parasites) and for dissection of preserved animals.4. Decide on the number of students in each dissecting group (a maximum of four is suggested; two isprobably best). Each dissecting group should have a dissecting pan, dissecting pins, scissors, bluntprobe, forceps, twine, and a preserved or freshly killed rat.

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