Organic Chemistry I - Summary of Preparations - Quick Guides | Chemistry

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Study GuideOrganic Chemistry I–Summary of Preparations1.Preparations:AlkenesAlkenes can be prepared using different reactions. Let’s look atthree main methods:1. Dehydrohalogenation of Alkyl Halides•What happens?In this reaction, an alkyl halide (a molecule with a halogen atom attached to a carbon chain)undergoes elimination of ahydrogen atomand ahalide ion(X).•What’s used?A strong base likeKOHin alcohol is used under heat.•Reaction:2. Dehydration of Alcohols•What happens?In a dehydration reaction, an alcohol loses awater molecule, forming adouble bondbetweenthe carbon atoms.•What’s used?This reaction requiresconcentrated sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄)and heat.•Reaction:

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Study Guide3. Dehalogenation of Vicinal Dihalides•What happens?When a vicinal dihalide (a molecule withtwo halogen atoms on adjacent carbon atoms) istreated withzinc(Zn), the halogen atoms are removed, and adouble bondforms betweenthe two carbon atoms.•What’s used?Zinc (Zn)is the key reagent for this reaction.•Reaction:Key Takeaways•Dehydrohalogenation: Alkyl halides losehydrogen and halideto form alkenes, using astrong baselikeKOH.•Dehydration of alcohols: Alcohols losewaterto form adouble bondwith the help ofH₂SO₄and heat.•Dehalogenation: Vicinal dihalides losehalogens(usually viazinc) to form alkenes.2.Preparations:AlkynesAlkynes, like alkenes, can be prepared using a variety of reactions. Below arethree commonmethodsfor preparing alkynes:1. Dehydrohalogenation of Vicinal Dihalides•What happens?

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Study GuideAvicinal dihalide(a molecule with two halogen atoms onadjacent carbon atoms) undergoeselimination ofhydrogenandhalide ionsto form an alkyne (a molecule with atriple bondbetween two carbon atoms).•What’s used?Astrong baselikeKOHin alcohol, heated understrong conditions.•Reaction:2. Dehydrohalogenation of Geminal Dihalides•What happens?In this reaction, ageminal dihalide(where both halogens are on thesame carbon) undergoeselimination ofhydrogenandhalideions to form an alkyne.•What’s used?KOHin alcohol, with heat.•Reaction:3. Dehalogenation of Vicinal Tetrahaloalkanes•What happens?Avicinal tetrahaloalkane(with four halogens onadjacent carbon atoms) undergoesdehalogenation, where the halogens are replaced byhydrogenatoms, leading to theformation of an alkyne.

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