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Organic Chemistry I - Summary of Reactions - Page 1

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Organic Chemistry I - Summary of Reactions

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Organic Chemistry I - Summary of Reactions - Page 1 preview imageStudy GuideOrganic Chemistry I–Summary of Reactions1.Reactions:AlkanesAlkanes, though relatively unreactive, can undergo a few important reactions. Let's take a look at thetwo main reactionsof alkanes:1. Oxidation of Alkanes•What happens?When alkanes react withoxygen (O₂), they undergooxidation. The alkane is broken down intocarbon dioxide (CO₂)andwater (H₂O). This reaction is important in processes likecombustion.•What’s used?This reaction requiresoxygen(O₂) and producesheat.•Reaction:This reaction is essentially the burning of alkanes.2. Halogenation of Alkanes•What happens?In this reaction, alkanes undergo asubstitutionreaction withhalogens(like chlorine orbromine). Ahydrogen atomfrom the alkane is replaced by ahalogen atom. The reactionoccurs under the influence ofUV light.•What’s used?Halogens (X₂), such asCl₂orBr₂, andUV lightto initiate the reaction.•Reaction:
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Organic Chemistry I - Summary of Reactions - Page 2 preview imageStudy GuideIn this case,Xrepresents a halogen (Cl, Br, etc.), andHXis the hydrogen halide.Key Takeaway•Oxidation: Alkanes react withoxygento formcarbon dioxideandwater, commonlyoccurring in combustion reactions.•Halogenation: Alkanes undergosubstitution reactionswithhalogens(likeCl₂orBr₂)underUV light, replacing a hydrogen atom with a halogen atom.2.Reactions: AlkenesAlkenes undergo various reactions that are key in organic chemistry. Let's explore some of the mainreactions:1.Halogenation of Alkenes•What happens?In this reaction, alkenes react with halogens (like chlorine or bromine) to form a vicinal dihalide.This is a trans-addition product where the halogens add to the opposite sides of the doublebond.•What’s used?Halogens such as Cl₂or Br₂.•Reaction:
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Organic Chemistry I - Summary of Reactions - Page 3 preview imageStudy Guide2.Hydrohalogenation of Alkenes (Markovnikov Addition)•What happens?This reaction follows Markovnikov’s rule, where the halide (X) attaches to the carbon with morehydrogen atoms, leading to the formation of a major product.•What’s used?A hydrohalic acid (HX), such as HCl or HBr.•Reaction:3.Hydrobromination in the Presence of Peroxide (Anti-MarkovnikovAddition)•What happens?This reaction follows an anti-Markovnikov mechanism where the halide (Br) adds to the carbonwith fewer hydrogen atoms, producing the opposite outcome to Markovnikov’s rule.•What’s used?Hydrogen bromide (HBr) and peroxide (ROOR).
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Organic Chemistry I - Summary of Reactions - Page 4 preview imageStudy Guide•Reaction:4.Hydration of Alkenes (Direct Addition of Water)•What happens?Alkenes react with water, under acidic conditions, following Markovnikov’s rule, where the-OHgroup adds to the carbon with the most hydrogen atoms.•What’s used?Water (H₂O) and an acid catalyst.•Reaction:5.Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes (Indirect Addition of Water)•What happens?The alkene undergoes a two-step process where borane (B₂H₆) adds to the carbon-carbondouble bond, followed by oxidation to form alcohols. This reaction follows an anti-Markovnikovaddition.•What’s used?Borane (B₂H₆), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), and sodium hydroxide (NaOH).
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Organic Chemistry I - Summary of Reactions - Page 5 preview imageStudy Guide•Reaction:Followed by oxidation:6.Hydrogenation of Alkenes•What happens?Alkenes undergo hydrogenation, where the double bond is reduced by adding hydrogen atoms,forming an alkane.•What’s used?Hydrogen (H₂) and a platinum (Pt) catalyst.•Reaction:7.Epoxide Formation•What happens?Alkenes react with peracid to form an epoxide, a three-membered cyclic ether.•What’s used?Peracetic acid or other peracids.
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Document Details

University
Texas A&M University
Course
Organic Chemistry I
Subject
Chemistry

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