U.S. History I - Challenges for a New Nation - Quick Guides | History

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Study GuideU.S. History I–Challenges for a New Nation1 Foreign Policy ChallengesAfter gaining independence, the United States faced manyforeign policy problems. Some wereleftover issues from the Revolutionary War, and others came from new political challenges.•Britainhad promised to leave frontier forts but kept troops there for over ten years.•Native Americanslooked for alliances with Britain and Spain to stop American settlers frommoving west.•Francehad entered wars in Europe after its revolution, testing America’s ability to remainneutral.1.1Conflicts on the FrontierWhenGeorge Washingtonbecame president, one urgent problem was fighting between settlers andNative Americans in theOhio Valley.•American military campaigns in 1790 and 1791against theMiami Confederacy(eightwestern tribes) failed.•For the third campaign, Washington sentGeneral Anthony Wayne, a Revolutionary Warveteran known for careful planning.Wayne’s well-trained army, over2,000 men strong, defeated the tribes at theBattle of FallenTimbersin August 1794.•TheTreaty of Greenvillefollowed, with twelve tribes giving up almost all ofOhio, parts ofIndiana, and land for sixteen trading posts.•Native American resistance in the Northwest Territory largely ended for abouttwenty years.The Southeast TribesIn thesoutheast, relations were different. Washington negotiatedpeacefullywith theCherokee,Creek, and Choctaw.•Creek Chief Alexander McGillivraytried to use Spain against the U.S., but Washington stillreached an agreement.•TheTreaty of New York (1790)guaranteed the Creek’s land rights and restored lands to theChickasaw and Choctaw.

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Study Guide1.2Problems with FranceTheFrench Revolutioninitially inspired Americans, but by 1793 many were worried:•The French executed their king and queen.•France declared war onBritain and Spain.•Southern planters feared unrest in the French Caribbean colonies.•Northern merchants worried about trade with Britain, their main export partner.Although the1778 alliancewith France remained, Washington knew the U.S. wasn’t ready for war.He issued theProclamation of NeutralityonApril 22, 1793.Citizen GenetFrance sentEdmond Genet, known asCitizen Genet, as its ambassador.•He ignored diplomacy, recruiting Americans to fight Britain and Spain.•He appointedGeorge Rogers Clarkto lead a campaign against Spain in New Orleans(which failed).•Genet did succeed in recruitingprivateers, and nearly1,000 Americanscaptured over80British ships.1.3Problems with Great BritainThe British violated American neutrality by:•Seizing U.S. shipsin the West Indies•Impressing American sailors(forcing them into the British navy)Washington responded with diplomacy. He sentJohn Jayto negotiate a treaty. TheJay Treaty(1795)addressed:•British withdrawal from Northwest forts•Opening West Indies trade (with some limits)Unresolved:Compensation for slaves taken during the Revolution.•The treaty was controversial in the U.S., but it prevented war.•The Senate approved itby one vote.

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Study Guide1.4Successful Negotiations with SpainRelations with Spain were more successful. Spain wanted peace because:•Its war with France was going poorly•Rumors suggested Americans might attack New OrleansWashington sentThomas Pinckneyto negotiate.•Spain agreed on the31st parallelas the southern U.S. border•Spanish troops north of that line were withdrawn•Americans could use theMississippi Riverfreely•They were allowedtemporary storage in New Orleans(Privilege of Deposit)•Trade rights with Spain were grantedThe agreement was formalized in theTreaty of San Lorenzo (Pinckney’s Treaty)onOctober 27,1795.2. Ideological ChallengesAfter Washington’s presidency, the United States faced major political and ideological challenges.While his foreign policy successes, such as the partial victory of theJay Treatyand the triumph ofPinckney’s Treaty, supported neutrality, they did not solve the problem of apolitically dividednation.Washington retired after two terms and, in hisfarewell address (1797), warned Americans againstpolitical partiesandentangling alliancesin European conflicts. His advice would influence U.S.foreign policy for more than a century.2.1The Election of 1796Despite Washington’s warnings, political parties had already formed: theFederalistsand theRepublicans(also called Democratic-Republicans). By 1796, these parties were in full swing.•Federalistsdominated Congress and the presidency.•Republicansgained strength by attractingIrish immigrantsandFrench refugees fromSaint Domingue.

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