U.S. History II - From Isolation to World War II - Quick Guides | History

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Study GuideU.S. History II–From Isolation to World War II1.American Foreign Policy in the 20sAfterWorld War I, the U.S. Senate refused to ratify theTreaty of Versailles, which helped create aperiod ofisolationism. Americans wanted to avoid European conflicts, but complete withdrawal fromworld affairs was impossible because the U.S. now had territories from theCaribbean to the Pacificand had become theworld’s leading creditor nation.Despite public desire for isolation, the U.S. still engaged internationally: cooperating ontrade, drugcontrol, disarmament, and debt negotiations, and remaining heavily involved in theWesternHemisphere, particularlyCentral America.1.1Disarmament EffortsTwo main reasons drove U.S. calls for disarmament:1.Preventing another war by avoiding an arms race (especially theAnglo-German navalrivalry).2.LimitingJapanese military powerto protect American interests in Asia.Key treaties:•Washington Naval Conference (1921–22): U.S., Japan, Britain, France, Italy agreed tolimitnaval tonnageand pause building aircraft carriers and battleships for ten years.•Nine-Power Treaty: 9 nations, including the U.S. and Japan, pledged torespect China’sterritorial integrityand theOpen Door Policy.Later efforts were less successful:•1927 Geneva talksfailed on smaller ships.•1930 London Naval Conferencelimited cruisers and submarines, but France and Italy werenot formal signatories.•Japan still acted aggressively inManchuria (1931).

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Study Guide1.2War Debts and ReparationsEuropean nations owed the U.S. over$10 billionfrom WWI. Hardship and trade barriers maderepayment difficult:•Fordney-McCumber Tariff (1922)made European exports to the U.S. more expensive.•Germany defaulted on reparations in 1923, leading to theFrench occupation of the RuhrValleyand runaway inflation.American solutions:•Dawes Plan (1924): reorganized Germany’s payments and gave loans from U.S. banks,allowing Britain and France to pay debts to the U.S.•Young Plan (1929): reduced total reparations and extended the payment period to 1988.TheGreat Depressionsoon made these debt agreements largely irrelevant.1.3The Kellogg-Briand Peace Pact•1928: U.S., France, and 13 other nations (eventually 62 total) signed a pactoutlawing waras a tool of foreign policy.•However, enforcement was weak. WhenJapan invaded Manchuria (1931–32), the U.S. andLeague of Nations did nothing exceptrefuse to recognize the conquest(StimsonDoctrine).1.4Relations in the Western Hemisphere•The 1920s sawmixed U.S. involvementin Latin America:oDominican Republic: Marines left in 1924 after elections.oNicaragua: Marines withdrew in 1925 but returned in 1927 due to civil war. PresidentCoolidge justified intervention toprotect U.S. business interests.•UnderPresident Hoover, policy shifted towardnon-intervention:oTheClark Memorandum (1928)rejected using the Monroe Doctrine to justifyintervention.oHoover undertook a10-nation goodwill tour in Latin America, improving relations.

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Study Guide2.Foreign Policy and the New DealDuring Roosevelt’s presidency, U.S. foreign policy shifted in two major ways:1.The Good Neighbor Policy—ending U.S. military intervention in Latin America.2.Recognition of the Soviet Union—reestablishing diplomatic and economic relations.At the same time, Congress passedneutrality lawsto keep the U.S. out of another European war,though Roosevelt sometimes opposed strict isolationism.2.1The Good Neighbor Policy•Roosevelt promised to make the U.S. a“good neighbor”to Latin American countries.•Actions included:oPan-American Conference (1933):U.S. acceptednoninterventionrules.oCuba (1934):Ended thePlatt Amendment, limiting U.S. intervention.oHaiti (1934):U.S. troops withdrew.oPanama (1936–1939):Expanded commercial rights in the Canal Zone.oMexico (1938):Recognized Mexico’s nationalization of U.S. oil properties, withnegotiations for compensation.•The U.S. stillsupported conservative governmentsto maintain stability and protecteconomic interests.2.2Recognition of the Soviet Union•The U.S. had previouslyrefused recognitionbecause of the Soviet revolution, unpaid debts,and anti-capitalist propaganda.•In 1933, Roosevelt reestablished diplomatic relations to:oExpandtradewith the USSR.oPossiblycounter Japanese expansionin Asia.•Conditions agreed upon by the USSR (but not kept) included:oNo propaganda in the U.S.oProtection of American citizens in the USSRoSettlement of war debts

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