U.S. History II - The United States as a World Power - Quick Guides | History

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Study GuideU.S. History II–The United States as a World Power1.Foreign Policy in the Progressive EraAfter theSpanish-American War (1898), the United States became one of the world’s imperialpowers. America gained overseas territories stretching across the globe—fromPuerto Rico in theCaribbeanto thePhilippines in the Pacific.Leading up toWorld War I, the U.S. tried to maintain influence inAsia through diplomacywhilefollowing a more aggressive approach in theWestern Hemisphere. The United States generallystayed out of European conflicts untilAugust 1914, when World War I began. Even then, the U.S.remainedneutral for almost three years. When American troops joined the war in1917, they playeda key role in theAllied victoryand gave PresidentWoodrow Wilsona chance to influence thepeace settlement. However, theSenaterefused to ratify the Treaty of Versailles, signaling a shifttowardisolationism.1.1The Panama CanalTheSpanish-American Warshowed the need for acanal connecting the Atlantic and PacificOceans. The French had tried to build one in the 1880s but failed. The U.S. took over the project.•TheHay-Herran Treaty (1903)gave the U.S. a 99-year lease on a six-mile-wide strip of landin Panama for$10 million plus annual payments.•WhenColumbia refused to approve the treaty, Panamanians revolted withU.S. support.•TheHay-Bunau-Varilla Treatygave the U.S.full control of the Canal Zone, andconstruction began in1904. The first ship passed through the canal in1914.The project was an engineering marvel. It also led to majormedical advances, such as controllingyellow fever, malaria, and other tropical diseases.1.2American Intervention in the Caribbean and Central AmericaDuring the Progressive Era and into the 1920s, the U.S.intervened frequentlyin nearby countries.•Cuba: ThePlatt Amendment (1901)allowed the U.S. to intervene to maintain stability. It alsogave the U.S. a naval base atGuantanamo Bay, prevented Cuba from making foreigntreaties that threatened its sovereignty, and limited Cuba’s ability to take on debt. U.S. troopswere sent to Cuba in1906, 1912, and 1917.

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Study Guide•Roosevelt Corollary (1904): This expanded theMonroe Doctrine, stating that chronicwrongdoing in the Western Hemisphere could justify U.S. intervention.oDominican Republic: U.S. controlled finances and occupied the country in1916tomaintain stability.oHaiti: U.S. troops and officials were present from1915 to 1934.oNicaragua: U.S. Marines intervened from1912 to 1925to protect American interestsand ensure control over potential canal routes.Essentially, the U.S. acted as the“police power”of the Western Hemisphere.1.3U.S. Policy in AsiaAt the turn of the century,Japanwas the dominant Asian power.•Roosevelt as Peacemaker: When Japan went to war with Russia in1904, Rooseveltmediated the conflict. TheTreaty of Portsmouth (1905)ended the war, recognized Japan’sinfluence inManchuria, and required Russia to give up part ofSakhalin Island. Rooseveltearned theNobel Peace Prizefor this effort.•Taft-Katsura Agreement (1905): The U.S. recognized Japan’s control ofKorea, while Japanrecognized U.S. control of thePhilippines.•Root-Takahira Agreement (1908): Both nations agreed torespect each other’s territoriesand maintain theOpen Door Policy in China.Dollar Diplomacyunder PresidentTaftaimed to expand U.S. influence through businessinvestments, particularly inAsia. However, it wasmore successful in Central and South Americathan in Asia.1.4Relations with MexicoDuring the Mexican Revolution, the U.S. opposedGeneral Victoriano Huerta, who had seized powerin1911.•President Wilson supportedVenustiano Carranza, a revolutionary leader.•U.S. troops attackedVeracruz in 1914, helping Huerta leave office. Carranza took control ofMexico City.•Conflicts continued between Carranza andPancho Villa. When Villa raided a town inNewMexico in 1916, Wilson sent the U.S. Army into Mexico to capture him.The expedition lasted untilJanuary 1917and nearly caused war between the U.S. and Mexico.

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Study Guide2.The United States in World War IOnJune 28, 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary was assassinated by a Serbiannationalist. Austria-Hungary demanded that Serbia pay reparations, but Serbia denied involvementand turned to its ally,Russia, for support. When Russia mobilized its army, the European alliancesystem quickly pulled multiple countries into war.•Germany(Austria-Hungary’s ally) declared war on Russia on August 1, 1914, and onFrancetwo days later.•Great Britainentered the war on August 4 after Germany invaded neutral Belgium.•By the end of August, most of Europe had joined either theCentral Powers(Germany,Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Ottoman Empire) or theAllied Powers(Britain, France, Russia,Serbia).Other countries also got involved:•Japanjoined the Allies to expand influence in Asia, creating tensions with the U.S.•Italy, originally allied with Germany and Austria-Hungary, joined the Allies in 1915 afterpromises of territorial gains.2.1American NeutralityWhen war broke out, PresidentWoodrow Wilsondeclared the U.S. neutral, asking Americans toremain“impartial in thought as well as in action.”But staying neutral was tricky:•German Americansgenerally supported the Central Powers•Irish Americansdisliked Britain•Eastern European Jewish immigrantshoped for a Russian defeatMany Americans still sympathized with the Allies because Britain and France represented democracy.U.S. investors also loanedbillions of dollarsto the Allies, and most American trade was with Britainand France.The biggest threat to neutrality wasGermany’s unrestricted submarine warfare. In May 1915,Germany sank the British shipLusitania, killing almost 1,200 people, including 128 Americans. Afterfurther attacks, Germany issued theSussex Pledgein 1916, promising not to attack passenger shipswithout warning.

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