Spanish II - The Present Tense Indicative - Quick Guides

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Study GuideSpanish II–The Present Tense Indicative1. Extra Y VerbsSome Spanish verbs follow avery predictable spelling pattern. Once you understand it, theseverbs become much easier to use.1.1What Are Extra–Y Verbs?Any verb that ends in–uir(butnotverbs ending in–guir) follows this rule:Ayis addedbefore the normal endingThis happens inall forms except:•nosotros / nosotras•vosotros / vosotrasThis spelling change makes pronunciation smoother and easier to say.Example Verb: Construir (to build)Notice the pattern in the chart:•yo construyo•tú construyes

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Study Guide•él / ella / usted construye•ellos / ellas / ustedes construyenBut look closely:•nosotros construimos•vosotros construísThese two formsdo NOTadd ayThis same pattern applies toall–uir verbs(except–guir verbs).1.2Other Common–Uir Verbs That Follow This PatternAll of the verbs in this list conjugateexactly like construir:•concluir(to conclude) →yo concluyo•constituir(to constitute) →yo constituyo•contribuir(to contribute) →yo contribuyo•destruir(to destroy) →yo destruyo•fluir(to flow) →yo fluyo

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Study Guide•huir(to run away, to flee) →yo huyo•incluir(to include) →yo incluyoHelpful tip:Many of these verbs are made from abase verbplus aprefix.For example:•influir=in+fluir1.3A Special Case: Oír (to hear)The verboíris similar to–uir verbs, but it hasextra changesyou need to remember.What makes oír different?1.Itadds a yin the same places as–uir verbs:ooyes, oye, oyen2.It is also a–go verbin theyo form:oyo oigo3.It keeps itsaccent mark:oIn theinfinitive:oíroInnosotrosandvosotrosforms:•oímos•oís

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Study GuideSummary•–uir verbs (except–guir)addyin all formsexcept nosotros and vosotros•Construiris the model verb for this pattern•Many common verbs follow this same rule•Oírfollows a similar pattern but also:•Has ayo–goform•Keepsaccent marksin specific forms2. Stem‐Changing Verbs in the Present TenseSo far, you’ve learned verbs where theendingchanges. Now it’s time to learn a new kind of pattern—one where thestemof the verb changes.This may sound tricky at first, but don’t worry. Spanish stem-changing verbs followvery clear andpredictable rulesonce you understand how they work.2.1What Is a Verb Stem?Thestemof a verb is what remains after you remove the infinitive ending:•-ar•-er•-irExample:•hablar→ stem:habl-•comer→ stem:com-•vivir→ stem:viv-

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Study Guide2.2What Are Stem-Changing Verbs?In stem-changing verbs:•Thestem changes•Theendings stay normalBecause the stem changes, these verbs are calledstem-changing verbs(orstem-changers).Important:•Youcannot always identifya stem-changing verb just by looking at the infinitive.•You mustmemorize which verbs stem-changeandwhat type of changethey use.2.3When Does the Stem Change?The stemonly changes in stressed syllables.That means:•Yo, tú, él, ella, usted•Ellos, ellas, ustedesThe stemdoes NOT changein:•nosotros / nosotras•vosotros / vosotrasThis rule applies toall stem-changing verbs.2.4Types of Stem ChangesIn the present tense, Spanish hasthree main typesof stem changes:1.e → ie2.o → ue3.e → iVerbs are grouped based on which change they use.Once you know the pattern, conjugation becomes much easier.

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Study Guide2.5E → IE Stem-ChangersThis is themost commontype of stem change.•The stressedein the stem changes toie•If a verb hastwo e’sin the stem, thesecond e(closer to the ending) changesExample: Cerrar (to close)Notice:•cierro, cierras, cierra, cierran•nosotros cerramos,vosotros cerráis(no stem change)

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Study Guide2.6Common-AR Verbs with E → IEExamples include:•acertar–to guess•cerrar–to close•empezar / comenzar–to begin•pensar–to think•negar–to deny

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Study GuideExample: Perder (to lose)Important detail:•The-er ending is not part of the stem•Perderhasone e, so that e changes toie2.7Verbs with Two E’s in the StemWhen a verb hastwo e’s, thesecond onechanges.Example: Defender (to defend)

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Study Guide2.8-IR Verbs with E → IEThese verbs follow thesame patternasmentir.

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